长江下游地区崧泽文化时期农业形成及其影响因素研究

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2022.10.013

地理科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (10): 1807-1817.doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2022.10.013

长江下游地区崧泽文化时期农业形成及其影响因素研究

黎海明¹^,²^,³(), 郑铎⁴, 刘真⁵^,⁶, 贾鑫⁵^,⁶()

1.南京农业大学人文与社会发展学院，江苏南京 210095
2.南京农业大学中华农业文明研究院，江苏南京 210095
3.南京农业大学农业考古研究中心，江苏南京 210095
4.常州市考古研究所，江苏常州 213001
5.南京师范大学地理科学学院，江苏南京 210023
6.南京师范大学环境考古研究院，江苏南京 210023

收稿日期:2021-09-07 修回日期:2021-10-29 出版日期:2022-10-10 发布日期:2022-12-06
通讯作者: 贾鑫 E-mail:lihaiming@njau.edu.cn;jiaxin@njnu.edu.cn
作者简介:黎海明（1989−），男，江西抚州人，讲师，博士，主要从事农业考古和植物考古研究。E-mail: lihaiming@njau.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42101152);江苏省自然科学基金(BK20221027);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(KYQN2022026);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(SKYC2021011);山东省文化遗产保护与科技考古重点实验室开放课题基金(JolnRLESA202201)

Formation of Agriculture and Its Influencing Factors in the Songze Culture Period in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

Li Haiming¹^,²^,³(), Zheng Duo⁴, Liu Zhen⁵^,⁶, Jia Xin⁵^,⁶()

1. College of Humanities & Social Development, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
2. Institution of Chinese Agricultural Civilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
3. Agricultural Archaeology Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
4. Changzhou Institute of Archaeology, Changzhou 213001, Jiangsu, China
5. School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
6. Institute of Environmental Archaeology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China

Received:2021-09-07 Revised:2021-10-29 Online:2022-10-10 Published:2022-12-06
Contact: Jia Xin E-mail:lihaiming@njau.edu.cn;jiaxin@njnu.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China)(42101152);Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20221027);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(KYQN2022026);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(SKYC2021011);Shandong Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Conservation and Archaeological Sciences(JolnRLESA202201)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全新世的气候、环境变化与人类文明发展之间的关系一直是学术界研究的热点问题。长江下游地区崧泽文化时期（6 000—5 300 a B. P.）是文明起源的关键阶段，该时期稻作农业经济社会是否已建立及其影响机制依然不清楚。通过对常州地区青城墩遗址的植物大遗存研究，在24份浮选样品中共发现了131粒炭化水稻（Oryza sativa）种子和2 262粒炭化水稻基盘，该结果表明青城墩遗址先民在崧泽文化时期的农业是以种植水稻为主的稻作农业。结合前人研究工作发现，长江下游地区崧泽文化时期人类主要的生业经济是以种植水稻为主的稻作农业经济，辅之以采集葫芦（Lagenaria siceraria）、芡实（Euryale ferox）、桃（Prunus persica）、甜瓜（Cucumis melo）等野生植物资源为主的采集经济。7 000 a B. P.后海平面上升速率减缓和海岸线的东撤为开展水稻农业生产的古人类提供了大量的栖居环境，该时期相对温暖湿润的气候条件为水稻农业生产提供了良好的生境条件。6 000 a B. P.后的人口压力是长江下游地区古人类选择以稳定和高产的稻作农业为主体生业经济的原因。

关键词: 长江下游地区, 崧泽文化, 生业经济, 稻作农业

Abstract:

The Songze culture period (6 000-5 300 a B. P.) in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River is a key stage of the origin civilization. However, whether the economic society of rice farming had been formed in this period and its influencing mechanism behind it remain unclear. Through systematic archaeobotanical analysis at Qingchengdun site in Changzhou, 131 carbonized rice seeds and 2 262 rice spikelet base were found in 22 of 24 flotation samples. The results indicated that the agricultural economy of the ancestors of Qingchengdun site during the Songze culture period was mainly based on rice planting. Combined with previous archaeobotanical work, it is found that the main subsistence economy of human beings during the Songze culture period in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River was a rice farming agricultural economy based on planting rice, supplemented by a gathering economy based on collecting wild plant resources such as gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), Semen Euryales (Euryale ferox), peach (Prunus persica) and muskmelon (Cucumis melo). After 7 000 a B. P., the slow rise of sea level and the eastward withdrawal of coastline provided a large number of living environments for ancient humans carrying out rice agricultural production. The suitable relatively warm and humid climate conditions in this period also provided suitable habitat conditions for rice agricultural production. The pressure of population growth after 6 000 a B. P. is the reason why ancient humans in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River chose stable and high-yield rice agriculture as the main subsistence strategy.

Key words: the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Songze culture, subsistence economy, rice farming

中图分类号:

K903

黎海明, 郑铎, 刘真, 贾鑫. 长江下游地区崧泽文化时期农业形成及其影响因素研究[J]. 地理科学, 2022, 42(10): 1807-1817.

Li Haiming, Zheng Duo, Liu Zhen, Jia Xin. Formation of Agriculture and Its Influencing Factors in the Songze Culture Period in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2022, 42(10): 1807-1817.

图/表 5

图1

表1

图2

图3

表2

长江下游地区崧泽文化遗址出土植物遗存

遗址	位置	作物遗存	其他植物遗存	参考文献
注：—为无作物遗存。
茅山	浙江杭州	水稻	葫芦（Lagenaria siceraria）、甜瓜（Cucumis melo）、紫苏（Perilla frutescens）、猕猴桃（Actinidia chinensis）、柿属（Diospyros Linni）等；狗尾草属（Setaria Viridis）、禾本科（Poaceae）、藜属（Chenopodium）、莎草科（Cyperaceae）、蓼属（Polygonum）、十字花科（Brassicaceae）、马鞭草（Verbena officinalis）、马齿苋（Portulaca oleracea）、眼子菜（Potamogeton distinctus）、毛茛科（Ranunculaceae）、金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum）、茨藻科（Najadaceae）	[22]
小兜里	浙江嘉兴	水稻	桃（Prunus persica）、甜瓜、葡萄（Vitis vinifera）、柿（Diospyros kaki）、楝（Melia azedarach）、芡实、菱（Trapa bispinosa）、构树（Broussonetia papyrifera），狗尾草属、禾本科、藜属、蓼科（Polygonaceae）、莎草科、猪殃殃（Galium spurium）、粟米草（Mollugo stricta）、铁苋菜（Acalypha australis）、马齿苋科（Portulacaceae）、十字花科、旋花科（Convolvulaceae）、豆科（Leguminosae）、和百合科（Liliaceae）等	[22]
窑墩	浙江湖州	水稻	—	[30]
南河浜	浙江嘉兴	水稻植硅体	—	[31]
邱城	浙江湖州	水稻	—	[32]
姚家圈	上海松江	—	楝	[33]
崧泽	上海清浦	水稻	桃，梅（Prunus mume），壳斗科（Fagaceae）	[34]
福泉山	上海青浦	—	葫芦	[35]
澄湖	江苏苏州	水稻，水稻植硅体，水稻田	楝、葫芦、甜瓜和紫苏	[36]
姜里	江苏苏州	水稻，水稻植硅体，水稻田	狗尾草属、马齿苋、酸模属（Rumex）、眼子菜属（Potamogeton）、马唐属（Digitaria）、苔草属（Carex）、禾本科、莎草属（Cyperus）、莎草科、荨麻科（Urticaceae）、小二仙草科（Haloragaceae）、蓼科（Polygonaceae）、茄科（Solanaceae）	[37]
薛城	江苏南京	水稻植硅体	—	[38]
南楼	江苏无锡	水稻	—	[39]
徐家湾	江苏苏州	水稻	—	[40]
青墩	江苏海安	水稻，水稻植硅体	桃、芡实和菱	[41]

表2

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样品编号	土样量/L	炭化木屑/g	水稻/粒		基盘/粒	黍/粒	豆科/粒	糠稷/粒	莎草科/粒	酸模/粒	小巢菜/粒	猕猴桃/粒	黄花龙牙/粒	拉拉藤/粒	马㼎儿/粒	芡实/粒	碎种子/粒	总计
样品编号	土样量/L	炭化木屑/g	整粒	破碎	基盘/粒	黍/粒	豆科/粒	糠稷/粒	莎草科/粒	酸模/粒	小巢菜/粒	猕猴桃/粒	黄花龙牙/粒	拉拉藤/粒	马㼎儿/粒	芡实/粒	碎种子/粒	总计
注：空白处为无此植物种子。
55-1L	6.6	1.88		4	140				1	1								146
55-1R	7.6	0.19	1	4	57						1							63
55-2L	6.2	0.13		3	31				1									35
55-2R	6.6	0.16		1	121													122
55-3L	5.8	0.17	1	1	141		1											144
55-3R	6.6	0.06	1		205				1									207
55-4L	6.4	0.12		4	106													110
55-4R	6.0	0.22		1	7													8
55-5L	6.0	0.25		13	155								3			2		173
55-5R	5.0	0.27		10	19	1							5			1		36
55-6L	5.4	1.04	1	12	1							2	3			1		20
55-6R	6.0	0.68		7	148								2					157
55-7L	4.2	0.54		2	148								1			2		153
55-7R	5.2	0.57	1	4	108													113
55-8L	5.4	0.53		9	127			1										137
55-8R	5.4	1.14		5	365	1			2					2		1		376
55-9R	5.2	0.74		18	202								7			1		228
55-9L	5.4	3.87			129													129
56-10L	4.8	0.36	1	6	18								1					26
56-10R	5.6	0.03		1	4						2						3	10
55-PR	6.6	0.35			15													15
55-PL	7.6	0.58	1	19	15				2						1			38
总计	141.2	13.88	7	124	2262	2	1	1	7	1	3	2	22	2	1	8	3	2446

长江下游地区崧泽文化时期农业形成及其影响因素研究

Formation of Agriculture and Its Influencing Factors in the Songze Culture Period in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

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