黑河流域中游绿洲边缘地表水和地下水水化学特征分析

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2022.10.014

地理科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (10): 1818-1828.doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2022.10.014

黑河流域中游绿洲边缘地表水和地下水水化学特征分析

王国华¹^,²^,³(), 张妍¹, 缑倩倩¹, 张仲伍¹, 孙九林⁴^,⁵

1.山西师范大学地理科学学院，山西太原 030000
2.中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院沙漠与沙漠化重点实验室，甘肃兰州 730000
3.中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院临泽内陆河流域研究站，甘肃兰州 730000
4.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所，北京 100101
5.山西师范大学资源环境信息化管理院士工作站，山西太原 030000

收稿日期:2021-10-21 修回日期:2022-02-10 出版日期:2022-10-10 发布日期:2022-12-06
作者简介:王国华（1984−），男，山西大同人，副教授，博士，研究方向为干旱半干旱区生态恢复。E-mail: gimi123@126.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42171033);国家自然科学基金青年项目(41807518);国家自然科学基金青年项目(41701045);中国科学院沙漠与沙漠化重点实验室开放基金项目(KLDD-2020-05)

Hydro-chemical Characteristics of Surface Water and Groundwater in Oasis Edge in the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River Basin

Wang Guohua¹^,²^,³(), Zhang Yan¹, Gou Qianqian¹, Zhang Zhongwu¹, Sun Jiulin⁴^,⁵

1. School of Geographical Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China
2. Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
3. Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
4. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
5. Academician Workstation of Resource and Environment Information Management of Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China

Received:2021-10-21 Revised:2022-02-10 Online:2022-10-10 Published:2022-12-06
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (General Program)(42171033);National Natural Science Foundation of China(41807518);National Natural Science Foundation of China(41701045);Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Chinese Academy of Sciences(KLDD-2020-05)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以黑河流域中游典型绿洲边缘地表水（水库水、河流水）和地下水为研究对象，选取2005—2013年地下水和地表水水化学离子连续监测数据，综合运用描述性统计、Piper图、Gibbs图、离子相关性等方法，对水化学类型及其控制因素进行系统分析。结果表明：① 在2005—2013年地下水总溶解固体（TDS）呈上升趋势，而地表水（河流水和水库水）TDS呈下降趋势，同时，地下水TDS显著高于地表水；② 在年际尺度，地下水离子浓度均随时间增加而显著升高，而河流水和水库水离子整体呈下降趋势；在年内尺度，地下水NO₃^?离子浓度呈现8月显著高于5月的特征，河流水Ca²⁺、SO₄^2?离子浓度8月高于5月，而水库水所有离子含量5月高于8月；③ 在2005—2013年，地表水和地下水水化学类型变化：地表水水化学类型在2005—2009年由HCO₃^?-SO₄^2?-Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺ 转变为HCO₃^?-Ca²⁺-Na⁺，而2009—2013年水库水转变为HCO₃^?-SO₄^2?-Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺，河水转变为HCO₃^?-SO₄^2?-Ca²⁺-Na⁺；地下水水化学类型由HCO₃^?-SO₄^2?-Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺ 型转变为SO₄^2?-HCO₃^?-Ca²⁺-Na⁺-Mg²⁺ 型；地表水和地下水中SO₄^2?、NO₃^?变异系数最大，是随环境因素变化的最主要敏感离子；④ Gibbs图表明，地表水和地下水中离子主要来源于岩石风化作用，方解石、白云岩等碳酸盐岩或硅酸盐岩矿物的风化溶解是该地区离子主要来源。

关键词: 黑河流域, 地下水, 地表水, 水化学类型, 黑河分水

Abstract:

This study selected surface water (reservoir water, river water) and groundwater in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin as the research objects, and comprehensively used descriptive statistics and Piper triangle diagrams, Gibbs diagram, ion correlation and other methods to systematically analyze the water chemistry type, main ion composition and control factors. The results showed that: 1) In 2005-2013, the Total dissolved solids (TDS) of groundwater increased significantly, while the TDS of surface water (river water and reservoir water) decreased. Meanwhile, the TDS of groundwater was significantly higher than that of surface water. 2) At the interannual scale, groundwater ion concentrations increased significantly with time, while river water and reservoir water ions showed a decreasing trend. At the annual scale, NO₃^? ion concentration in groundwater was significantly higher in August than that in May, while Ca²⁺, K⁺, SO₄^2? ion concentration in river water was higher in August than that in May, and all ion content in reservoir water was higher in May. 3) In 2005-2013, the hydrochemical types of surface water and groundwater changed significantly: the hydrochemical type of surface water changed from HCO₃^?-SO₄^2?-Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺ to HCO₃^?-Ca²⁺-Na⁺ in 2005-2009, reservoir water changed to HCO₃^?-SO₄^2?-Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺ , and river water changed to HCO₃^?-SO₄^2?-Ca²⁺-Na⁺; groundwater hydrochemical type changes from HCO₃^?-SO₄^2?-Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺ type to SO₄^2?-HCO₃^?-Ca²⁺-Na⁺-Mg²⁺ type; surface water and groundwater HCO₃^?, SO₄^2?, Mg²⁺ had the largest coefficient of variation, and were the most important sensitive ions that change with environmental factors; 4) The Gibbs diagram showed that surface water and groundwater ions mainly came from rock weathering, the weathering and dissolution of carbonate or silicate minerals such as calcite and dolomite were the main sources of ions in this area, and the irrigation and fertilization of farmland at the edge of oasis were the main reasons for the significant increase of SO₄^2? and NO₃^?.

Key words: the Heihe River Basin, Groundwater, surface water, hydro-chemical types, the Heihe Water Diversion

中图分类号:

P345

王国华, 张妍, 缑倩倩, 张仲伍, 孙九林. 黑河流域中游绿洲边缘地表水和地下水水化学特征分析[J]. 地理科学, 2022, 42(10): 1818-1828.

Wang Guohua, Zhang Yan, Gou Qianqian, Zhang Zhongwu, Sun Jiulin. Hydro-chemical Characteristics of Surface Water and Groundwater in Oasis Edge in the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River Basin[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2022, 42(10): 1818-1828.

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类型		pH	Ca²⁺	K⁺	Na⁺	Mg²⁺	NO₃⁻	SO₄²⁻	Cl⁻	HCO₃⁻	TDS
注：TDS为总溶解固体，单位：mg/L；各离子最大值、最小值、平均值、标准差的单位为mg/L。
地下水	最大值	8.40	113.37	12.29	112.67	88.89	82.41	39.29	86.78	366.20	1126.00
	最小值	7.09	39.93	2.30	18.56	5.60	3.20	561.74	12.35	207.50	521.27
	平均值	7.05	84.67	5.29	71.0	55.4	30.46	233.04	55.95	307.81	855.16
	标准差	1.78	22.04	2.84	28.53	27.11	26.33	135.95	15.38	47.61	185.96
	变异系数%	25.24	26.03	53.69	40.13	48.87	86.44	58.34	27.49	15.47	21.75
河水	最大值	8.40	171.54	8.56	95.88	46.70	12.85	420.26	53.65	395.84	971.95
	最小值	7.12	17.38	2.51	21.23	1.19	1.30	46.11	7.21	184.28	248.00
	平均值	7.74	61.10	4.73	50.68	29.75	6.31	134.27	33.83	262.7	538.33
	标准差	0.39	31.52	1.76	19.46	12.58	3.33	87.56	13.23	50.89	168.57
	变异系数%	5.09	51.59	37.21	38.40	42.29	52.77	65.21	39.11	19.37	31.31
水库水	最大值	8.30	75.35	9.34	65.60	58.94	18.5	213.73	50.34	312.42	790.03
	最小值	7.37	32.3	0.15	22.77	3.22	1.28	41.49	13.86	163.53	240.00
	平均值	7.77	47.53	4.34	39.30	31.73	5.68	104.32	25.91	225.56	475.961
	标准差	0.275	11.84	2.36	11.24	13.79	5.14	53.09	10.12	44.86	169.22
	变异系数%	3.53	24.91	54.38	28.60	43.46	90.49	50.89	40.32	19.89	35.56

水化学离子		Ca²⁺	K⁺	Na⁺	Mg²⁺	NO₃⁻	SO₄²⁻	Cl⁻	HCO₃⁻	TDS
注：^* 表示在 0.05 水平上（双侧）上显著相关；^**表示在 0.01 水平（双侧）上显著相关。
地下水	Ca²⁺	1
	K⁺	0.488^*	1
	Na⁺	0.907^**	0.498^*	1
	Mg²⁺	0.702^**	0.035	0.784^**	1
	NO₃⁻	0.599^**	0.218	0.563^*	0.538^*	1
	SO₄²⁻	0.797^**	0.053	0.761^**	0.748^**	0.468	1
	Cl⁻	0.503^*	0.071	0.387	0.394	0.741^**	0.364	1
	HCO₃⁻	0.879^**	0.566^*	0.796^**	0.550^*	0.281	0.653^**	0.330	1
	TDS	0.780^**	0.092	0.664^**	0.778^**	0.489^*	0.744^**	0.536^*	0.631^**	1
河水	Ca²⁺	1
	K⁺	−0.078	1
	Na⁺	0.088	0.090	1
	Mg²⁺	0.219	−0.423	0.166	1
	NO₃⁻	−0.319	0.307	0.136	−0.355	1
	SO₄²⁻	0.672	−0.223	0.307	0.378	−0.260	1
	Cl⁻	−0.014	0.117	0.756^**	−0.114	0.243	0.027	1
	HCO₃⁻	0.196	0.014	−0.358	−0.411	0.113	−0.124	0.690^**	1
	TDS	0.779^**	−0.373	0.153	0.354	−0.506^*	0.574^*	0.142	0.417	1
水库水	Ca²⁺	1
	K⁺	−0.181	1
	Na⁺	0.737^**	0.102	1
	Mg²⁺	0.690^**	0.065	0.593^*	1
	NO₃⁻	0.906^**	−0.125	0.774^**	0.689^**	1
	SO₄²⁻	0.738^**	−0.406	0.484	0.774^**	0.750^**	1
	Cl⁻	0.903^**	−0.106	0.825^**	0.613^*	0.886^**	0.671^**	1
	HCO₃⁻	0.896^**	−0.094	0.776^**	0.565^*	0.751^**	0.558^*	0.862^**	1
	TDS	0.735^**	−0.123	0.506^*	0.521^*	0.672^**	0.615^*	0.745^**	0.724^**	1

黑河流域中游绿洲边缘地表水和地下水水化学特征分析

Hydro-chemical Characteristics of Surface Water and Groundwater in Oasis Edge in the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River Basin

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