日常活动地理环境对居民瞬时幸福感的影响

苏玲玲, 周素红, 关美宝, 柴彦威, 齐兰兰

地理科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (2) : 278-287.

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地理科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (2) : 278-287. DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.20220643
比较城市化专栏

日常活动地理环境对居民瞬时幸福感的影响

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Impact of real-time urban environment on momentary happiness under geographic contexts of daily activities

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摘要

地理环境对居民幸福感的影响是地理学近年来的热点话题,尽管地理学的幸福感研究取得了一定的成果,但对于幸福感如何表现为一种短暂的情感经历并与日常活动时空地理背景相联系的研究较少。本研究采用生态瞬时评估(EMA)获取实时的幸福感,通过GPS和移动传感器收集活动地的即时环境数据,来探索日常活动地理环境与瞬时幸福感之间的关系。研究结果表明,居民瞬时幸福感体验受到活动地点即时环境的影响,适宜的温度、POI密度可以促进幸福感,而噪音、PM2.5、人口密度、POI类型和交叉路口不利于幸福感。日常活动地理环境与瞬时幸福感的关系也受到时间和空间要素的调节,相比工作日,休息日的活动地即时环境对幸福感的影响更大;而活动的离家距离会削弱建成环境与幸福感的关系。研究证实了日常活动地理环境与瞬时幸福感相关,并受到时空行为特征的调节,为指导中国城市的环境规划与管理提供参考。

Abstract

The impact of the urban environment on residents' happiness has become a hot topic in the field of geography in recent years. Despite the achievements of research on happiness, there has been a lack of attention to how happiness is expressed as transitory experiences in the proximate environment and related to the spatial-temporal geographic contexts of people's daily activities. This study obtains data on momentary happiness via ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and collects environmental data of activity place through GPS and mobile sensors to explore the relationship between the real-time geographic environment and momentary happiness of daily activities. The results show that residents' momentary happiness is affected by the immediate urban environment. Appropriate temperature and POI density can promote happiness, while noise, PM2.5, population density, the numbers of POI types and intersections are not conducive to happiness. The relationship between the geographic environment and momentary happiness is also regulated by time and space factors. Compared with working days, the immediate environment of activities on rest days has greater impacts on happiness. The distance of activities from home weakens the relationship between the built environment and happiness. This study confirms that geographic contexts of daily activities are related to momentary happiness and are regulated by the characteristics of people's spatial and temporal behaviors, which provides reference for the environmental planning and management of Chinese cities.

关键词

瞬时幸福感 / 地理环境 / 日常活动 / EMA / 移动技术

Key words

momentary happiness / geographical context / daily activities / EMA (Ecological Momentary Assessment) / mobile technology

引用本文

导出引用
苏玲玲, 周素红, 关美宝, 柴彦威, 齐兰兰. 日常活动地理环境对居民瞬时幸福感的影响[J]. 地理科学, 2024, 44(2): 278-287 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.20220643
Su Lingling, Zhou Suhong, Kwan Mei-Po, Chai Yanwei, Qi Lanlan. Impact of real-time urban environment on momentary happiness under geographic contexts of daily activities[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2024, 44(2): 278-287 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.20220643

随着人民生活水平的提升,无论是国家、政府还是居民个体都越来越关注除了经济效用以外的个体福祉问题[1]。幸福感在学术界也引起了学者广泛的关注,以往对美好生活的研究也被重新定义为关于幸福的问题。随着幸福感研究的深入发展,幸福科学(Science of Happiness)作为一门新的综合性学科由此产生[2]。目前心理学、经济学和社会学等学科对幸福感研究进行了大量的理论和实证分析,而地理学的幸福感研究则处于起步阶段。地理学对空间和环境的关注可以为幸福感研究带来新的视角和可能。
已有的实证研究表明,人口统计因素对幸福感的解释是有限的[3-4]。因此,有必要进一步分析人们生活的地理环境对幸福感的影响。大量研究已经证实了居住社区环境会对幸福感产生影响[5-6]。然而,越来越多的人认识到,大多数人每天只花有限的时间在居住社区中,以往对幸福感的研究往往只关注了社区及其周围的环境特征对长期整体幸福感的影响,忽略了日常活动地点的即时地理环境带来的瞬时幸福感体验[5]。从静态角度假定个体只暴露于他们居住的环境中的研究,忽略了人们时空行为的动态性,因此无法获取个体真实的生活环境特征[6-7]。Kwan认为,这种不确定的地理环境问题(UGCoP)制约了城市环境对个体效应影响的研究[8]。应该认识到,幸福感作为一种生活体验根植于日常活动,不仅要关注居住空间地理环境对长期整体幸福感的影响,同时要考察日常活动空间的即时地理环境带来的瞬时幸福感体验。长期(整体认知)和短期(瞬时情绪)的不同指标构成了幸福感的不同时间内涵,都是衡量幸福感的重要组成部分[9]。在享乐主义的观点中,幸福感被理解为一种快乐多于痛苦的体验,短暂的快乐体验可能比其他生活评价更有价值[10]。相比长期的整体幸福感,瞬时幸福感对生活环境有着更高的敏感度,可以评估日常生活环境下的情绪状态和情绪变化。移动技术在时空行为研究中的应用,使得获取高时空精度的个体行为和环境数据成为可能。将内置GPS功能的手机与传感器设备相结合,可以收集居民日常活动的时空轨迹和活动经历的环境信息,进而揭示个体日常活动中实时的环境体验及情绪变化[11]
生态瞬时评估(Ecological Momentary Assessment,EMA)是获取即时数据的有效方法,它要求在真实生活情境下,多时间点搜集个体的即时性反应[12]。EMA可以用来研究个体变量随时间和情境变化的相关影响因素。评估通常由多次重复评估组成,规定特定时间间隔,允许对瞬时波动进行精确分析。EMA有效降低了回忆偏差和启发式偏差,提高了生态效度,被视为评估日常生活中情绪和体验的黄金标准[13]。地理信息技术的发展,为EMA提供了一个精确的地理测量框架,通过GPS捕捉EMA响应时的位置,能够系统精确地收集地理环境相关因素[14]
因此,本研究将幸福感置于日常活动当中,通过生态瞬时评估(EMA)获取实时的幸福感体验,并且利用GPS和移动传感器收集特定时刻的环境数据,用来分析瞬时幸福感与活动地点的即时地理环境之间的可能关系。这一研究可以丰富幸福感的地理学研究,为指导中国城市的环境规划与管理提供参考。

1 理论框架与研究假设

研究发现,设施及服务的可获性会对幸福感产生直接或间接的积极贡献[15]。但也有研究指出,这些场所会带来嘈杂和拥挤的环境而不利于幸福感[16]。对人口密度的研究发现,人口密度越高,居民的幸福感水平越低,可能的解释是人口密度提高会带来环境嘈杂和治安下降等,也有学者认为过低的人口密度会导致社会资本的减少进而降低幸福感[17]。混合度对幸福感的影响也是混合的,因为混合度在带来积极影响的同时也会带来负面影响[18]。感知到的交通劣势会对幸福感产生负面影响[19]。自然环境与幸福感之间存在着积极的关系,充足的蓝绿空间可以促进身体活动,增加社会交往机会,缓解生活压力带来的负面情绪 [20]。然而也有研究指出,与自然环境因素(如绿色或蓝色空间)的接近程度在统计学上并不显著[21]。还有一些研究发现空气污染、噪音等城市环境会带来不良情绪状态而降低幸福感体验[22]。但已有研究多关注居住地及其周围环境对居民长期整体幸福感的影响。地理环境不仅影响长期的整体幸福感,也可能影响短期的瞬时幸福感。目前仅有少数国外学者关注了日常活动空间环境对瞬时幸福感的影响[23]。然而在中国的城市背景下,日常活动地理环境如何影响居民瞬时幸福感目前还不清楚。
日常活动地理环境与瞬时幸福感的关系可能受到活动时空特征的影响。从活动时间方面看,有研究表明,城市环境质量、交通出行状况和人流等环境在休息日和工作日存在着较大差异[24]。而人们在工作日和休息日的活动地点、活动类型和活动模式也存在着较大差异[25]。有理由猜测地理环境与幸福感的关系在工作日和休息日可能存在差别。从活动空间方面看,活动距离也可能影响即时地理环境与幸福感的关系。城市环境和设施的可达性会影响人们日常活动距离[26]。而日常活动距离也可以在一定程度上反映其获取服务和设施的能力及日常移动能力[27]。此外,距离越近,活动空间环境可能越熟悉,例如社区是人们日常活动最频繁的空间单元。熟悉会引起人们对环境的忽视,因为出于习惯,人们可能不再注意到某些环境特征,但这些特征可能会立即引起一个新来的人的注意 [28]。那么随着活动离家距离的增加,人们对环境的感知和需求可能存在变化,这种变化是否会改变即时地理环境和瞬时幸福感的关系有待验证。
基于上述分析,本研究聚焦活动地点的即时地理环境与瞬时幸福感之间的动态时空关系。提出以下研究假设(图1):
图1 研究框架

H1、H2、H3为假设H1、假设H2、假设H3

Fig. 1 Conceptual framework

Full size|PPT slide

假设H1:居民的瞬时幸福感水平与日常活动地理环境有关。
假设H2:这种关系可能在时间上——工作日和休息日存在差别。
假设H3:这种关系可能受到空间因素——活动离家距离的调节。

2 数据与方法

2.1 调查方案

本研究使用数据是2018年11月到2019年1月从居住在广州市天河区棠下街道的成年人中获取。棠下街道是多种房屋类型的大型综合性住宅区,该街的居民来自不同的社会经济背景,有不同的日常活动行为,可以代表广州市大多数居民的日常活动背景。本研究以棠下街道为案例地来研究日常活动的地理环境与瞬时幸福感的关系。
调查实施方案:① 通过社区居委会介绍和社区内随机拦访形式招募社区居民作为本次调研参与者,参与者首先要填写“广州市居民日常活动与环境健康”调查问卷,并接受调查和设备使用培训。② 参与者需要携带便携式环境监测设备(AirBeam 便携式传感器、噪声便携式传感器、蝠音象限设备(蝠音象限设备是由北京城市象限科技有限公司研发生产,用来统计人们的智能移动终端对WiFi信号的请求的移动设备。蝠音象限的数据采集终端可插入手机,随时随地统计人流信息。软件终端可以对统计结果进行去重、去伪、校正,从而客观地反映调查区域某一特定时间的人口数量。)和配备的智能手机)进行连续48 h(1个工作日和1个休息日)的实时环境数据采集(温度、湿度、噪音、PM2.5质量浓度以及GPS数据)。③ 参与者需要在每天4个时间点(8:00,12:00,16:00,20:00)通过智能手机的网页链接在线填写EMA调查问卷。4个时间点分别指代上午、中午、下午和晚上,以捕获个体在1 d内经历的各种时空环境和幸福感体验。
此次调研共有156名居民参与,由于部分数据缺失,本研究基于144名参与者的1098份EMA数据来展开分析。样本居民的社会经济属性特征见表1
表1 个体社会经济属性

Table 1 Characteristics of the research participants

指标 属性特征 样本量 占比/% 指标 属性特征 样本量 占比/%
性别 68 47.2 年龄 青年早期(18~28岁) 16 11.1
76 52.8 青年晚期(29~44岁) 80 55.6
教育水平 小学及以下 6 4.2 中年(45~59岁) 41 28.5
初中 17 11.8 老年(60岁及以上) 7 4.9
高中(含中专、职高) 36 25.0 个人月收入 1 999元及以下 19 13.2
大专 34 23.6 2 000~4999元 59 41.0
大学本科 33 22.9 5000~7999元 24 16.7
研究生及以上 18 12.5 8000~9999元 19 13.2
婚姻状况 单身 33 22.9 10000元及以上 23 16.0
已婚 111 77.1

2.2 数据和变量说明

1) 幸福感。可以被概念化为一种长期稳定的生活状态,也可被概念化为短期的情感体验[29-30]。以往的研究多集中在长期的整体幸福感,随着对日常生活体验的关注,基于实时体验的瞬时幸福感研究已经出现。瞬时幸福感(Momentary happiness),指个体在特定时刻所感到的快乐程度,是对享乐体验的情境依赖评估[31],强调“当下”“正在发生”的短期效应,会随时间和情境的变化而出现短期波动[32]。本研究关注的幸福感为瞬时幸福感。
在EMA评估中,瞬时幸福感通过评估当前的开心程度,从“1非常不开心”到“5非常开心”五分制来衡量。EMA实时收集的瞬时幸福感的平均得分为4.03,标准差为1.01,近似正态分布,向左倾斜,表明广州市居民日常生活中拥有较高的幸福感水平。类似的幸福感负偏态分布在以往的研究中也经常出现[33]。因此,负偏态分布似乎是幸福感得分的自然特征,而非数据收集方法带来的偏差。
2) 环境变量。中国快速的城市化进程导致了城市空间高密度化、高异质性的特点,城市微环境成为影响着个体生活感知和体验的重要因素。为了获取更加精细化的时空环境数据,研究借助相关的移动设备采集了一系列带有时空属性的即时环境数据,作为本研究的微环境变量。AirBeam是一款便携式的空气监测传感器,可以实时收集记录局部空间的温度、湿度和PM2.5质量浓度数据[5]。AirBeam传感器将数据实时发送到AirCasting应用程序,该应用程序将数据存储在智能手机上。SLM-25声级计是一种便携式的噪声传感器,可用来记录个体实时经历的噪声环境。该噪声传感器符合IEC61672 Type 2和ANSI S1.4 Type 2声级计的标准,测量范围为30 ~ 130 dBA,误差精度为1.5 dBA。使用前,对所有的便携式传感器进行了校准。此外,智能手机和便携式传感器具有内置的时间和位置识别功能,可以用来获取个体精确的时空轨迹信息。
利用GPS追踪定位EMA响应时间点的所处位置,进而可以获取该点周围的建成环境数据,本研究分别对活动地点进行了 100 m、300 m 和 500 m的缓冲分析并显示出环境特征影响的相似结果。在这里展示了100m缓冲区的结果,因为100 m缓冲区内建成环境对瞬时幸福感具有更高的解释力,这与已有文献较一致[5]。在建成环境方面,研究采用“3D”(Density,Diversity,Design)指标[18],密度(Density)由蝠音象限设备捕捉周边的移动终端来计算实时的人口密度来表征,多样性(Diversity)由缓冲区内POI(兴趣点)类型数量反映城市功能的多样性(研究使用的POI数据包括15个一级分类和65个二级分类。这里使用空间单元内二级分类中POI(兴趣点)类型的数量来代表城市功能的多样性。),设计(Design)由道路交叉口数量反映路网通达性。本研究在“3D”基础上,增加POI密度、蓝绿空间覆盖率。POI密度反映社会经济活动的紧凑性,归一化植被指数(NDVI)和归一化水体指数(NDWI)计算的蓝绿空间覆盖率来反映环境的宜人性。
3) 控制变量。就人口统计因素而言,性别、年龄、教育水平、婚姻状况和收入等在幸福感研究中得到了广泛的讨论,因此本研究将其作为控制变量放入模型。
此外,考虑到活动情境可能带来的影响,选取活动类型和同伴信息来检验模型的稳健性。活动类型分为5类:出行活动、生存性活动、维护性活动、社交和休闲活动、其他。生存型活动包括工作、学习等;维护型活动包括用餐、个人护理、家务活动和照顾老人孩子等;社交和休闲活动包括体育锻炼、探亲访友等。同伴设置为是否有同伴二分类变量。

2.3 模型设定

这是一个多层次、重复的测量设计,每个参与者中都嵌套了多个时间点的抽样检测。使用能够处理嵌套数据的多层模型很有必要。首先,多层模型能够考到数据的层次性和嵌套性,而普通的多元回归分析是基于独立观察的假设,EMA收集的数据具有明显的层次结构违反了这一假设,而多层模型分析考虑了这些依赖关系。其次,多层模型能够很好地处理丢失的数据,由于EMA是多次重复测量,在研究中,参与者可能由于某些原因无法对某些信号做出响应,导致数据的缺失。
考虑到幸福感测量是有序的,研究使用多层有序logistic回归模型(Meologit)作为分析和解释的主要回归算法。因变量为不同时间点的幸福感水平,第一层为志愿者在不同活动点所处的环境信息,第二层为志愿者的个体层(在调研过程中志愿者的特征没有发生变化,作为本研究的控制变量放入第二层)。具体模型设置如下:
第一层(活动点):
Logit(Yji)=β0j+1mβmjXmji+rjiVar(rji)=σ2
(1)
第二层(个体):
β0j=γ00+1nγ0nWnj+μ0jVar(μ0j)=τ00ρ(ICC)=τ00τ00+σ2
(2)
式中,Yji为因变量,代表参与者j j=1, …, 144)在第i次EMA调查(i=1,…,8)时的幸福感体验评估得分。Xmji表示第i次EMA调查参与者j的第m个个体属性变量,βmj为其回归系数。Wnj为参与者j的第n个地理环境变量,γ0n为其回归系数。β0j是微观层(第一层)的随机截距,γ00是宏观层(第二层的随机截距。rji是微观层的随机效应,服从均值为0、方差为σ2的正态分布;μ0j是宏观层的随机效应,服从均值为0、方差为τ00的正态分布。在多层模型中,ρ(the intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC)通常被称为组内相关系数,用于衡量组间差异对因变量的解释能力。由于本研究未考虑环境变量对不同个体活动位点的影响,因此第二层回归系数未包含随机效应。
本文用Stata软件进行模型估计,采用Log likelihood和AIC评价模型的拟合优度。在多层模型中,因变量的方差是由微观成分和宏观成分共同组成,且在这两个水平之上存在着未解释的方差,因此,通常采用方差缩减比例指数来分别表示这两个水平上的可解释方差,同时表明了不同类别变量在减少相对于零模型的估计预测误差方面的效果[34]

3 模型结果

3.1 日常活动地理环境对瞬时幸福感的影响

研究将EMA方法实时搜集的瞬时幸福感作为因变量,构建了多层有序Logistic回归模型,模型结果如表2所示。
表2 瞬时幸福感与即时城市环境的多层有序logistic回归结果

Table 2 Multilevel ordered logistic models of momentary happiness

变量 模型1 模型2 模型3
β S.E. β S.E. β S.E.
  注:******分别表示变量在90%、95%和99%置信水平上显著;AIC 为赤池信息量准则;空白处表示无此项;POI为兴趣点。
个体属性特征 性别(女=1; 男=0) 0.3925 0.5536 0.4483 0.5378 0.4785 0.5378
年龄 0.0389 0.0249 0.0394 0.0242 0.0394 0.0242
教育水平 –0.4872** 0.2395 –0.4337* 0.2339 –0.1294** 0.0557
婚姻状况(已婚=1; 其他=0) 1.1533* 0.6557 1.1973* 0.6382 1.2909* 0.1722
收入 –0.0120 0.0794 0.0060 0.0076 0.0057 0.0071
活动环境特征 温度 0.0558*** 0.0161 0.0552*** 0.0163
湿度 –0.0204 0.0153 –0.0204 0.0153
噪音 –0.0875*** 0.0111 –0.0876*** 0.0113
PM2.5质量浓度 –0.0079** 0.0032 –0.0079** 0.0032
人口密度 –0.0060*** 0.0009 –0.0055*** 0.0007
绿色空间覆盖率 0.0013 0.0018 0.0012 0.0014
蓝色空间覆盖率 0.0002 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002
POI 密度 0.0003*** 0.0001 0.0003*** 0.0001
POI 类型数量 –0.0216*** 0.0067 –0.0273*** 0.0050
交叉口数量 –0.3398*** 0.0478 –0.4335*** 0.0421
活动类型
生存性活动 –0.5951* 0.3699
维护性活动 0.1149 0.2309
社交和休闲活动 0.3458* 0.2001
其他 0.2105 0.5084
同伴(有=1,无= 0) 0.1871 0.1718
方差缩减比例(地理环境)/% 15.3 20.9 21.3
Log likelihood –973.977 –957.676 –953.557
AIC 1975.954 1945.354 1943.874
由于便携式传感器获取的微环境与缓冲区内提取的建成环境变量在空间单元上存在一定的差异,研究分别在模型1中加入微环境变量,在模型2中加入100 m缓冲区内的建成环境变量。从模型 1中可以看出,温度与幸福感显著正相关,表明冬季的广州,温度越高,居民越有可能获取较高的幸福感体验。噪音则会显著降低居民的幸福感水平,这与已有研究结果较为一致[35]。PM2.5质量浓度与居民日常活动中的瞬时幸福感显著负相关,从全国范围来看,广州市的空气质量相对较好,但在少雨干燥的冬季仍存在一定程度的污染质量浓度超标情况并影响居民的幸福感水平,未来仍然需要加强局部地区的大气污染防范与治理。模型2可看出,实时人口密度与幸福感显著负相关,说明身边高密度人口会显著降低居民的幸福感水平。POI密度与幸福感显著正相关,POI类型数量与幸福感显著负相关,也就是说身边同类型设施的集中可提升幸福感,这可能是因为同类设施的集中可给人们提供多种可替代选择进而提升幸福体验。交叉口数量与幸福感显著负相关,可能是小范围内过密的交叉路口会增加人们的道路不安全感进而降低幸福感水平。
研究将情境因素中的活动类型(出行活动、生存性活动、维护性活动、社交和休闲活动和其他),同伴信息(有同伴或无同伴)放入模型 3来检测上述结论的稳健性。模型结果显示,相比出行,人们在进行生存性活动时幸福感水平较低,而社交和休闲活动可以带来更高的幸福感。在加入情境因素后,即时地理环境与幸福感的相关系数在方向和显著性上均未发生重大变化,表明上述结果的稳健性,假设1得到验证。

3.2 时空行为特征的调节作用

1) 活动时间(工作日/休息日)的调节作用。通过对539条工作日和559条休息日的瞬时幸福感统计发现,休息日的幸福感平均得分(4.09)高于工作日的平均得分(3.97)。研究进一步分别构建了工作日和休息日的统计模型,来分析即时地理环境对幸福感的影响是否在工作日和休息日存在差异。
表3可以看出,在工作日,温度与幸福感显著正相关,噪音、PM2.5质量浓度与幸福感显著负相关;人口密度、交叉路口数量与幸福感显著负相关。而在休息日中,温度、噪音、PM2.5质量浓度与幸福感显著相关;人口数量、绿色空间覆盖率、POI 密度、POI 类型数量和交叉口数量均与幸福感存在显著的相关性。从中可以发现,相比工作日,休息日的幸福感受到城市环境的影响更大。这可能是因为工作日主要在居住地和工作地开展惯常性的工作和家务活动,活动环境较为熟悉,弱化了地理环境的影响。而休息日的活动具有更多的偶然性,休息娱乐活动较多,对活动空间的选择性更大,其次活动空间的陌生感会增加对周围环境的关注,进而强化了即时地理环境对幸福感的影响。假设2得到验证。
表3 活动时间调节作用的分组回归结果

Table 3 Results of grouping regression of activity time regulation

变量 工作日 休息日
模型1 模型2 模型3 模型4
β S.E. β S.E. β S.E. β S.E.
  注:******分别表示变量在90%、95%和99%置信水平上显著;空白处表示无此项;POI为兴趣点。
个体属性特征 性别(女=1;男=0) 0.3270 0.7101 0.4686 0.6856 0.4789 0.6049 0.4054 0.5874
年龄 0.0570* 0.0321 0.0573* 0.0310 0.0334 0.0271 0.0360 0.0265
教育水平 –0.4942 0.3097 –0.4645 0.3024 –0.4597* 0.2695 –0.3963 0.2602
婚姻状况(已婚=1;其他=0) 1.2630 0.8534 1.2377 0.8278 1.1533* 0.6766 1.4056** 0.6992
收入 –0.0406 0.1029 –0.0041 0.0989 –0.0200 0.0859 –0.0133 0.0834
活动环境特征 温度 0.0654** 0.0302 0.0553** 0.0222
湿度 –0.0202 0.0282 –0.0263 0.0233
噪音 –0.1025*** 0.0190 –0.0824*** 0.0165
PM2.5质量浓度 –0.0110** 0.0055 –0.0108** 0.0049
人口密度 –0.0052*** 0.0014 –0.0079*** 0.0015
绿色空间覆盖率 –0.0011 0.0030 0.0045* 0.0027
蓝色空间覆盖率 0.0002 0.0002 0.0019 0.0021
POI 密度 0.0001 0.0001 0.0005*** 0.0002
POI 类型数量 –0.0144 0.0104 –0.0264** 0.0122
交叉口数量 –0.3242*** 0.0708 –0.3736*** 0.0801
方差缩减比例(地理环境)/% 20.1 20.3 18.7 26.0
Log likelihood –489.303 –487.701 –498.957 –486.314
AIC 1006.606 1005.402 1035.914 1022.627
在个体属性方面,表2结果显示,教育水平与瞬时幸福感显著负相关,已婚居民的幸福感水平更高。教育增加了人们的期望,由此产生的未能满足的期望会降低幸福感。个体可以从婚姻伴侣的支持中获得社会和情感上的好处,因此,婚姻与幸福感具有正相关关系。从表3中可以看出,个体属性与幸福感的关系在工作日和休息日同样存在差别。年龄与幸福感的关系仅在工作日达到统计显著性,这可能是因为青年人处于事业上升期,工作日面临的就业和工作压力更大。教育水平仅在休息日控制了微环境变量时达到统计显著性。婚姻状况与幸福感的关系在休息日更加密切,这可能是因为已婚居民比未婚居民在休息日能更多参与到家庭活动中并获取更高的幸福感体验。
2) 活动空间(离家距离)的调节作用。研究将活动地点与居住地的直线距离作为活动距离,进一步分析了活动距离对城市环境与幸福感关系的可能调节作用。
表4可以看出,微环境变量与活动距离的交互项均未达到统计显著性,表明温度、湿度和PM2.5质量浓度与幸福感存在着稳定的相关性,不受活动距离的调节;在100 m缓冲区内的建成环境中,POI密度与活动距离的交互项系数显著为负,表明活动距离削弱了POI密度与幸福感的正向关系,交叉路口与活动距离的交互项系数显著为正,表明活动距离削弱了交叉路口与幸福感的负向关系。
表4 活动距离调节作用的模型结果

Table 4 Results of activity distance regulation

交互项 β S.E.
  注:****分别表示变量在90%和99%置信水平上显著;POI为兴趣点。
温度×距离 –0.0020 0.0027
噪音×距离 0.0016 0.0015
PM2.5质量浓度×距离 0.0001 0.0006
人口密度×距离 0.0001 0.0001
POI密度×距离 –0.0005* 0.0003
POI类型数量×距离 0.0011 0.0009
交叉口数量×距离 0.0291*** 0.0083
图2为活动距离对即时城市环境与瞬时幸福感关系的调节作用示意图。从中可以更加直观的看出,活动距离分别削弱了POI密度、交叉路口与幸福感的关系。这可能是因为由于城市环境设施供给与需求的矛盾导致居民长距离的事务性活动[36],而目的性较强的事务性活动(如工作)弱化了周围环境对幸福感的影响。研究同时将活动距离划分为近、中、远3组,选取远距离组和全样本进行分析,发现远距离活动的时间可调整性平均得分2.7低于全样本的3.0,同样活动的地点可调整性平均得分1.8低于全样本的2.2,也就是说远距离活动的时空弹性较小,这可能进一步导致人们在远距离活动时更专注于事务本身,弱化了即时环境对幸福感的影响。假设3得到验证。
图2 空间距离的调节作用

POI为兴趣点

Fig. 2 Analysis on the regulating effect of activity distance

Full size|PPT slide

4 结论与讨论

4.1 结论

城市环境不仅影响居民长期的整体幸福感,同时也会影响居民短期的瞬时幸福感。本研究基于EMA即时数据获取方法,通过GPS和移动传感器实时收集环境数据,旨在探索日常活动地即时地理环境与瞬时幸福之间的关系,以及时空行为特征的调节作用。主要结论如下:
1) 居民瞬时幸福感体验受到活动地点的即时环境影响。对于城市微环境,冬季温度的升高、噪音和PM2.5质量浓度的降低都可以显著提升瞬时幸福感水平。对于小尺度活动空间内的建成环境,POI密度与幸福感显著正相关,而高人口密度、高混合度和较密的道路交叉口不利于瞬时幸福感。
2) 即时地理环境与瞬时幸福感的关系存在时间异质性。无论是工作日还是休息日,微环境中的温度、噪音和PM2.5质量浓度都与瞬时幸福感密切相关。建成环境中的人口密度和交叉口数量不利于瞬时幸福感,而绿色空间、POI类型和密度在休息日达到统计显著性。相比工作日,休息日的幸福感受到建成环境的影响较大。
3) 即时地理环境与瞬时幸福感的关系存在空间异质性。活动距离削弱了POI密度与幸福感的正向关系,也削弱了交叉路口与幸福感的负向关系。这可能是因为长距离活动多为时空弹性较小而目标性较强的事务性活动,使周围建成环境对幸福感的影响不大。

4.2 讨论

幸福感已经成为城市管理者和规划决策者的重要目标。将地理环境与幸福感联系起来的价值不断得到新的认识。作为一种短暂的情感经历的瞬时幸福感与日常活动空间的即时地理环境密切相关,这对城市微小空间的环境规划与治理提供了重要参考。环境效应往往在较小的尺度上有更大的效应,因为在较小的空间中,城市环境是高度可变的[37]。随着城市发展进入“减量提质”和“存量更新”的新阶段,要关注城市微小公共空间的环境和设施,提升公共空间的活力和品质。此外,地理环境与瞬时幸福感的关系受到时空行为特征的调节,在进行环境治理的时候,要同时考虑人们对空间的使用特征,深入了解居民的生活需求和环境体验,促进城市环境和设施的公平性,全面提升居民的生活幸福感水平。
城市环境特征与居民的幸福感有着深刻而复杂的联系。本研究超越了居住地的限制来分析活动地点的即时地理环境与瞬时幸福感的关系,扩展了地理学幸福感研究的时空维度,同时也可以为后续精细化的城市环境治理提供重要的实证证据。此外,EMA方法为获取特定时间和地点的幸福感体验提供了可能,将EMA与移动传感器设备相结合可以更好推动地理环境的微观个体效应研究的内容和方法革新。
本研究仍存在一定的不足,有待进一步的完善和探索。首先,本研究是横截面的,无法确定关系的因果作用方向。未来可以通过纵向研究以及辅以深度访谈等研究方法探究其因果关系。其次,本研究重点关注了活动地即时地理环境对瞬时幸福感体验的影响,未能考虑日常活动地理环境带来的短期幸福感如何随时间的累积形成长期的幸福感,未来的研究需要加以考虑。
致谢:感谢华南理工大学卢俊文博士和本文调查项目组各位同学在数据采集中的贡献,以及北京城市象限科技有限公司茅明睿先生提供的蝠音象限设备和相关技术支持。

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曹阳, 甄峰, 姜玉培. 基于活动视角的城市建成环境与居民健康关系研究框架[J]. 地理科学, 2019, 39(10):1612-1620
摘要
快速城镇化在改变城市空间形态与布局的同时也对公众健康产生了间接影响,城市建成环境对居民健康的影响过程与作用模式的研究,一直是预防医学、地理学与环境科学等多学科关注的热点。以居民日常体力活动为中介变量,围绕“城市建成环境与居民健康关系”这一健康地理学研究的重要分支方向,提炼了不同尺度建成环境与居民健康关系的概念模型与作用模式。在此基础上,提出了“建成环境客观组织-居民主观感知-体力活动促进-健康效应产出”系统性研究框架,并从数据来源、研究方法、重点研究内容3个方面阐述了具体研究思路,认为通过居民活动识别空间利用与方案优化是未来微观尺度健康地理研究的重要结合方向,为后续实证研究提供理论支撑与范式借鉴,同时也为相关公共卫生政策制定提供参考依据。
Cao Yang, Zhen Feng, Jiang Yupei. The framework of relationship between built environment and residents' healthy based on activity perspective. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2019, 39(10):1612-1620

Rapid urbanization has an indirect impact on public health while changing the shape and layout of urban space. The study on the process and mode of urban built environment on residents' health has always been a hot topic of preventive medicine, geography and environmental science. Based on the residents' daily physical activity, this paper focuses on the important branching direction of the research on the relationship between urban built environment and residents' health, clearly defined the conceptual model and action pattern between different scale built environment and residents' health. On this basis, the paper proposes a systematic research framework based on the logical structure of ‘Built environment objective organization-residents' subjective perception-physical activity promotion-health effect output’, and elaborates the specific research ideas from three aspects of data sources, research methods and key research contents. It is believed that residents' daily activities are critical to reveal the space utilization and layout optimization. It is an important combination direction for the development of micro-scale health geography in the future. The study provides theoretical support and paradigm for subsequent empirical research, and also provides reference for relevant public health policy.

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陈玉洁, 袁媛, 周钰荃, 等. 蓝绿空间暴露对老年人健康的邻里影响——以广州市为例[J]. 地理科学, 2020, 40(10):1679-1687
摘要
利用2018年广州社区问卷数据、遥感影像、城市街景、环境污染等多元数据,提取多种蓝绿空间指标,并使用多层模型、中介效应模型和倾向值匹配法,探讨中国城市背景下蓝绿空间暴露影响老年人健康的“生物?心理?社会”邻里影响路径和机制,以及对不同社会阶层间的差异。研究发现,社区层面的蓝绿空间暴露与老年人的身心健康均存在显著相关;周围蓝绿空间程度通过促进体育锻炼、缓解压力提升老年人的身体健康,可达性通过促进社会交往提升老年人的心理健康;蓝绿空间暴露对老年人健康的影响在不同阶层间存在差异。为健康老龄化、健康城市建设提供科学参考。
Chen Yujie, Yuan Yuan, Zhou Yuquan et al. The neighborhood effect of exposure to green and blue space on the elderly's health: A case study of Guangzhou, China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2020, 40(10):1679-1687

Exposure to green and blue space refers to the surrounding green and blue space exposed in residence and activity place in daily life, which can bring about health benefits for residents. The neighborhood green and blue space is related to the elderly’s health. Based on questionnaire data in Guangzhou in 2018, remote sensing image, street scape and so on, we extracted various green and blue space indicators, etc. From the perspective of reducing harm, restoring capacities and restoring capacities, we also constructed research framework including five mediating pathway. This research employed multilevel linear regression model and mediating effect model and propensity score matching method to examine biopsychosocial pathways and mechanism linking exposure to green and blue space to the elderly’s health. According to this empirical analysis, firstly, neighborhood exposure to green and blue space is significantly associated with the elderly’s self-reported health and mental health; Secondly, physical activity encouragement and reduction in stress and social cohesion facilitation play a separate role in mediating the effect of green and blue space exposure on the elderly’s health, while reducing environmental harm and improving aesthetic pleasure did not perform significant role on the elderly’s health; Thirdly, the impact of exposure to green and blue space on the elderly's health differs significantly among different social strata. According to our findings and conclusions, we suggest the necessity of achieving 'Healthy city' and 'Health aging' construction, such as increasing the proportion of water body in public space, optimizing the layout of urban green space and improving vertical green space view, which provide new references for relevant public policies for the elderly.

[21]
Zhang X, Zhou S, Lin R et al. Relationship between long-term residential green exposure and individuals' mental health: Moderated by income differences and residential location in urban China[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020178955
[22]
刘倩倩, 党云晓, 张文忠, 等. 中国城市 PM2.5 污染对居民主观幸福感的影响及支付意愿研究[J]. 地理科学, 2021, 41(12):2096-2106
摘要
利用2015年中国40个城市大规模问卷调查数据,采用贝叶斯多层级有序分类响应模型探讨了PM<sub>2.5</sub>污染对居民主观幸福感的影响,进而核算居民为减轻PM<sub>2.5</sub>污染的支付意愿。研究发现:PM<sub>2.5</sub>污染对主观幸福感具有显著的负向影响,PM<sub>2.5</sub>污染每增加1个单位,主观幸福感将下降0.040个百分点;家庭月收入对主观幸福感具有显著的正向影响,家庭月收入每增加1个单位,主观幸福感将提升0.026个百分点。支付意愿不仅受到家庭收入水平的影响,还受到居民所处城市空气质量的影响;在承受PM<sub>2.5</sub>污染的最初阶段,居民为改善空气质量的支付意愿最高。居民为改善空气质量愿意支付的金额平均为226元,占家庭月总收入的2.274%。
Liu Qianqian, Dang Yunxiao, Zhang Wenzhong et al. Impact of PM2.5 pollution on urban residents' happiness and willingness-to-pay: A case study of urban China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2021, 41(12):2096-2106

China’s rapid industrialization and urbanization are not necessarily accompanied by the corresponding improvement of living standards. As the largest developing country in the world, the rapid economic growth has been confronted with problems such as inadequate public services, soaring housing prices, environmental degradation and food safety, which have seriously restricted the happiness of Chinese urban residents. In recent years, PM2.5 pollution imposes serious impacts on the health and life quality of residents and restricts the improvement of urban residents’ happiness. Exploring the influential mechanism of air pollution on residents’ happiness and the economic value brought by the improvement environmental quality provide a scientific basis for the construction of livable cities in the new era. Based on the theoretical analysis framework of the impact of meso-and micro-scale air pollution on residents’ happiness and willingness to pay, we select 40 cities in China as the cases for empirical analysis. By employing the large-scale questionnaire survey data of 40 cities in 2015, this article adopts a Bayesian multi-level ordinal categorical response model to empirically explore the impact of PM2.5 pollution on residents’ subjective well-being, and evaluates residents’ willingness to pay to alleviate PM2.5 pollution by using happiness evaluation model. The empirical results are presented in the following aspects. First, PM2.5 pollution exerts a significant negative influence on residents’ subjective well-being, that is, the more serious the PM2.5 pollution is, the lower the residents’ subjective well-being. Specially, for every unit increase in the number of days of haze pollution, the subjective well-being of residents will significantly decrease by 0.040. Household monthly income has a significant positive impact on residents’ subjective well-being, meaning that the increase of household income is accompanied by the increase of residents’ happiness. For every unit increase in monthly household income, residents’ happiness will significantly increase by 0.026 percentage points. Second, willingness to pay is affected not only by household income level, but also by the air quality of the city where residents live. Third, residents in 40 cities were willing to pay 226 yuan, or 2.274 percent of their monthly income in order to improve air quality. Residents in Beijing were the most willing to pay 582 yuan to reduce PM2.5 pollution, accounting for 3.535 percent of their average monthly income. In addition, residents have the highest willingness to pay at the initial stage of reducing PM2.5 pollution and improving air quality. The conclusions of this article not only enriches the relevant research results of environmental pollution and residents’ happiness, but also provides an empirical basis for the policy making of environmental pollution improvement in Chinese cities.

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Birenboim A. The influence of urban environments on our subjective momentary experiences[J]. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 2018, 45(5):915-932
In today's developed world, the ability of a city to generate good experiences for its residents and visitors is a main aspect of its attractiveness. A good city is considered to be one in which people feel secure, relaxed, and happy. This article explores the factors that influence the subjective momentary experiences of individuals in the city, while focusing on the impact of spatial variables on these experiences; 91 students living in Jerusalem, Israel, were asked to repeatedly self-report four dimensions of episodic experience, namely, sense of security, happiness, annoyance, and sense of comfort. Reports were sent in real time using a smartphone application during an eight-month period. The results, based on over 5000 experience samples, indicate that subjective momentary experiences, particularly sense of comfort and sense of security, are highly influenced by situational variables and environmental characteristics including type of activity and environment, place characteristics, and company. Surprisingly, personality variables which are considered to be a main determinant of wellbeing and general life satisfaction were found to be non-significant in the multilevel models that were implemented. This finding further supports the notion that momentary experiences greatly differ from general evaluations of subjective wellbeing.
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[25]
塔娜, 柴彦威, 关美宝. 北京郊区居民日常生活方式的行为测度与空间–行为互动[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(8):1271-1280
摘要
郊区化及其对居民日常生活的影响成为近年来城市研究的重要议题。时空行为研究认为推动日常生活方式的郊区化是解决郊区化过程中出现的社会与空间问题的根本措施。从日常生活方式的角度出发,需要利用多维度时空行为指标刻画群体的生活方式类型以分析郊区居民的空间—行为互动机制。本文采用活动空间和出行频率指标构建个体日常生活方式的行为测度方法,并基于2012年在北京上地—清河地区进行的GPS调查数据将郊区居民划分为“空间排斥”、“本地化”、“郊区性”、“两极化”、“城市依赖”五种日常生活方式类型。研究发现不同日常生活方式群体在活动分布、活动频率和交通方式上存在差异;并通过多项logistic模型分析郊区化对于个体日常生活方式的影响,发现工作日居民的日常生活方式受到性别、收入、年龄和工作时长等社会经济属性的影响。同时郊区设施配置直接影响着居民对郊区空间的利用程度,土地混合利用、商业设施密度提高更有可能实现日常生活的郊区化。日常生活方式的行为测度方法有助于分析郊区居民日常行为的复杂性,为理解郊区化提供了独特的视角,为构建城市研究的空间—行为互动理论提供了有力的支持。
Ta Na, Chai Yanwei, Kwan M P. Suburbanization, daily lifestyle and space-behavior interaction in Beijing. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(8):1271-1280

Rapid suburbanization in China is dramatically reshaping the daily life of suburban residents. Characterized by fragmentation, increasing car ownership and job-housing separation, suburbanization is changing the way residents use urban space. In China, long-distance commuting, traffic congestion, spatial mismatch and the low quality of life emerging in the progress of residential suburbanization have caused widespread concerns. Suburbanization of residents' daily life is believed to be a solution to the socio-spatial issues in suburbs. Therefore, scholars have argued that there is an urgent need to introduce behavioral perspectives to the study of suburbanization. This approach will enhance our understanding of the process and the mechanism of suburbanization from the perspective of an individual’s daily life. The important step in this study is to portray the nature of the daily lifestyle in the suburbs. Along with the trend toward behavioral perspectives in human geography, space-time behavior has become an important perspective for the study of urban space. Activity space and travel behavior often serve as important indicators of individual behavior in urban and geographic studies. This study focuses on daily activity-travel behavior, introduces the concept of lifestyle, and brings forward a concept of daily lifestyle based on a combined measure of activity space and trip frequency. The daily lifestyle of suburban residents can be classified into five categories: localization, spatial exclusion, suburbanism, polarization, and city dependence, according to the size of the activity space and the trip frequency. Based on a GPS-facilitated activity-travel survey dataset collected in the Shangdi-Qinghe area in Beijing in 2012, this paper compares the differences in activity-travel behavior among five daily lifestyle groups. The study finds that there are intergroup differences in the spatial distribution of activities, activity participation and modal split among these five lifestyle groups. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the impact of suburbanization on daily lifestyle by examining the relationship between daily lifestyle and built environment while controlling socio-demographic factors using a multinomial logistic model. Women and older people are more likely to be in the categories of localization and spatial exclusion. Low-income people have the higher possibility to be spatially excluded. These outcomes indicate that traditionally disadvantaged groups could be trapped in suburban areas, raising definite concerns for their daily life in suburban areas. Factors associated with the built environment primarily impact the localization lifestyle. Mixed land use in danwei and higher retail density contribute to the concentration of activity space in suburbs, as well as more active travel. The concept of daily lifestyle provides an effective and reasonable way to understand complicated activity-travel behavior of suburban residents. The paper offers a special perspective on understanding suburbanization and the interaction between urban space and individual behavior.

[26]
焦华富, 韩会然. 中等城市居民购物行为时空决策过程及影响因素——以安徽省芜湖市为例[J]. 地理学报, 2013, 68(6):750-761
摘要
购物决策过程是居民根据自身需求进行购物信息搜寻、购物目的地选择等方面的完整过程,是居民购物行为发生与实施的前提和基础,已经成为城市地理学研究的热点之一。本文利用2011 年芜湖市居民购物行为调查问卷数据,通过构建居民购物出行的嵌套Logit 模型,从购物出行模式决策、购物初始时间决策、购物目的地决策、购物出行交通方式决策等四个层面对芜湖市居民购物行为的决策过程及影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明:① 居民属性特征对购物出行模式决策具有显著影响,男性居民选择单纯购物出行的概率较大,而女性居民、有家人陪伴的居民更倾向多目的出行;在中心城区居住及出行距离远的居民偏好中午进行多目的购物概率较大,出行距离集中在1~2 km的范围内,而近郊区居民则避开下班高峰期进行购物,倾向选择2~5 km的购物空间范围;② 具有私家车的男性居民在晚上进行购物的概率比较大,其出行概率是上午的2.94 倍,更加偏好远距离出行;居民上下班途中购物大多发生在下班时间,偏好5~8 km范围的远距离;有朋友陪伴的居民更倾向上午依赖公共交通进行远距离出行;③ 以家为购物出发地点的居民的购物更倾向19:00 之后并且偏好远距离出行,公交车依然是芜湖市居民购物出行的主要载体。
Jiao Huafu, Han Huiran. Research on temporal and spatial decision-making process and influencing factors of residents' shopping behavior in medium-sized cities: A case study of Wuhu City in Anhui Province. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(6):750-761
As human geographers have paid more and more attention to practical problems of human and society, the focuses of urban geography have transformed from macroscopic level such as researches on city system to microscopic level such as studies on shopping space, living space and commercial space. At present, China is in a transitional period in which cities' main functions are changing from production to consumption. With the development of shopping behaviors, the complexity and the transformation of shopping patterns as well as their deep influences on society, economy, institution, culture and so on, residents' shopping behaviors have become a focus of certain fields such as urban geography, urban sociology and urban economics. Based on the residents' shopping decision-making theory, the data from the interview and questionnaire survey on Wuhu residents' shopping behavior in 2011, and the nested Logit model on residents' shopping tour behavior, the paper analyzes the residents' decision-making process and its factors influencing the decision-making in the following four aspects: shopping travel mode, shopping starting time, shopping destination, and shopping transportation mode. The results are shown as follows. (1) The characteristics of residents' attributes such as the gender, monthly income and family companions have a significant effect on residents' decision-making of shopping travel mode. The residents who live in the central city and those who live relatively far away are more likely to have a multi-purpose shopping tour. The residents living in the central city prefer shopping at noon, and their travel distance mainly extends from 1-2 km, while the suburbanites go shopping mainly after 19:00 p.m. to avoid the rush hour and tend to choose the shopping space in the range of 2-5 km. (2) The male residents who have private cars are more inclined to go shopping in the evening, 2.94 times as many as in the morning. They are more likely to have a long-distance shopping. Residents on and off duty prefer to go shopping on their way back home. Their shopping space is mainly confined in the range of 5-8 km. The residents shopping with companions are more likely to have a long-distance travel by the public transport facilities in the morning, which mainly focuses on the range of 5-8 km. (3) The residents who set out from their houses tend to go shopping in the evening rather than in the morning and are more inclined to go shopping after 19:00. Bus is still the main vehicle for the residents' shopping travel.
[27]
齐兰兰, 周素红. 邻里建成环境对居民外出型休闲活动时空差异的影响——以广州市为例[J]. 地理科学, 2018, 38(1):31-40
摘要
休闲行为的产生条件一直受到国内外地理学者的重视,邻里建成环境作为结构性制约因素,在休闲行为研究的交叉学科中开始受到重视,但是关注其对休闲行为影响的时间差异的研究严重不足;此外相关研究多从是否产生休闲行为或活动量的角度去验证,缺乏建成环境对休闲空间特征影响的衡量。基于时间地理学理论,以广州市为案例地,结合居民的出行活动日志调查与人口普查数据、土地利用数据、建筑POI普查数据,探讨居民休闲行为时空特征及居住地的邻里建成环境对其产生的影响。研究发现:工作日,居民外出型休闲活动时间呈现出高度集中特征,高度集中于12:00~14:00,活动集聚的时空区域是12:00~14:00、4 km内;休息日,居民外出型休闲活动时间集聚的集中性减弱,活动持续时间增长;活动集聚的时空区域是9:00~20:00、1 km内。邻里建成环境的不同维度指标对休闲活动距离的作用时段与影响程度存在差异。工作日上午并无影响显著的因素;中午,休闲距离主要受到道路交叉口数量和商业中心可达性的负向影响;下午,休闲距离受到道路交叉口数量先负向后正向的影响。休息日上午,休闲距离主要受开敞空间用地比例的负向影响;中午,受开敞空间用地比例、公交站点数和到最近开敞空间距离的负向影响,土地利用混合度则是呈现先正向后负向的影响;下午,受道路交叉口数量和公交站点数的负向影响、休闲设施数量的正向影响。从作用机制来看,休息日是休闲机会和时间成本作用占主导,工作日是休闲环境作用占主导。
Qi Lanlan, Zhou Suhong. The influence of neighborhood built environments on the spatial-temporal characteristics of residents' daily leisure activities: A case study of Guangzhou. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018, 38(1):31-40

The conditions of leisure activity has been payed much attention to by geographers.Neighborhood built environment, as a structural restriction factor, has been paid attention to in the interdisciplinary study of leisure behavior. However, there is still little study to consider the time difference of the influence of the built environment on leisure behavior. Most researchers believe that the built environment has an impact on leisure behavior, and the related researches are mostly from the perspective of whether there are leisure activities, and lack of measure of the spatial dimension of leisure behavior. Based on the theory of time geography, this paper takes Guangzhou as an example and use residents’ activity dairy, census data, land use data and building POI(position of interests) data to explore the spatial-temporal characteristics of residents' out-of-home leisure behavior and the neighborhood built environment impact.We find that on weekdays, the out-of-home leisure time of residents showed a high degree of agglomeration. The space-time areas highly concentrated are from 12:00 to 14:00 within 4 km. On weekend, the degree of time agglomeration is weakened, but duration of the activity is increased. The space-time area highly concentrated is from 9:00 to 20:00 within 1 km. Residents' leisure activities are constrained by factors such as the neighborhood built environment, the time length of the leisure activity, the distance from the workplace, and so on. These effects are higher in the weekdays than in the weekends. The constraints are higher in the morning and at noon than in the afternoon on weekdays. On weekends, the constraints are high in the morning and low at noon. There are differences in the time and the degree of influence of the different dimensions of the neighborhood built environment on out-of-home leisure activity distance. On weekday: There is no significant factor of the built environment in the morning. The leisure distance is mainly affected by the negative impact of the number of road intersections and the accessibility of the commercial centers at noon. In the afternoon, leisure distance is affected by the number of road intersections, and at first it is positive effect and then negative effect. On weekend: In the morning, the leisure distance is mainly affected by the negative impact of the proportion of the land use of the open space. At noon, it is affected by the positive effect of the land use ratio of the open space, and negative effect of the number of bus stations and the distance to the nearest open space. The land mix index has a positive and then negative effect. In the afternoon, the leisure distance is affected by the negative impact of the number of road intersections and the positive impact of number of bus stations.From the point of view of the mechanism, residents are restricted mainly by the neighborhood built environment on weekends, while the work place mainly on weekdays. The opportunity for leisure and time costs are dominant roles on weekends, while the recreational environment is the dominant role on weekdays.

[28]
张艳, 柴彦威. 北京城市中低收入者日常活动时空间特征分析[J]. 地理科学, 2011, 31(9):1056-1064
Zhang Yan, Chai Yanwei. The spatio-temporal activity pattern of the middle and the low-income residents in Beijing, China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011, 31(9):1056-1064
The dramatic institutional and spatial transformation has brought great challenges for the planning and provision of public housing and transportation in terms of social sustainability. In the western cities, the urban disadvantages such as the female, the elderly, the disabled, and the low-income groups have been "entrapped" in certain spatial territory with lower level of accessibility and mobility in their daily life as a result of the urban sprawl, suburbanization of jobs and other public facilities, the institutional housing segregation, as well as the deficiency of the public transit. In China, there have been great social transformation and spatial restructuring driven by the dissolve of Danwei compound, land use separation, industrial suburbanization, and residential relocation during the process of market-oriented transition. As a consequence, individuals, especially the urban middle and low-income groups, would face great challenges of decreasing accessibility and mobility in their daily life which could in turn result in the decline of the life quality. Aiming at discovering the spatio-temporal demand of the urban middle and low-income groups and promoting the social equity in urban policy and planning, this paper explores the spatio-temporal activity pattern of the urban middle and low-income residents in Beijing from the perspectives of the temporal allocation and spatial distribution of both work and non-work activities, observed daily activity space and mobility based on the activity diary survey of 600 households, 1 119 individuals of Beijing in 2007. Aided by the GIS technique and tools, the 3D geovisualization of individual's spatio-temporal path and the spatio-temporal activity density surface are introduced to explore and compare the spatial and temporal pattern of the middle and low-income groups and their counterpart group. It is found that the social transformation and spatial restructuring in urban China has exerted obviously more negative impact on the daily life of urban middle and low-income groups than their other groups. Firstly, the whole daily activity pattern show the trend of "fragmentation" due to the existing of large amount of out-of-home, non-employment activities during the day time. Also, the middle and low-income have relatively shorter work hours than their counterparts in the workday while they have relatively longer work hours than their counterparts in the weekend. Secondly, there is no strong rhythm of their work time, and their work activities relatively dispersed in the large spatial extent. Also, most of their non-work activities are located within the 1-km distance from their home. Thirdly, the middle and low-income group has lower level of mobility than other groups. They have more single purpose trips, and more frequently use the non-motorized mode such as walk and bicycle in their daily life. Besides, they have much smaller observed activity space measured by convex polygon. Finally, it is argued that much more attention should be paid to the accessibility and mobility consequences of provision the public housings for the low-income group.
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Previous research has shown that the urban environment could influence people's behavior and wellbeing. However, little is still known about how the objective and subjective measures of the momentary experience of urban public spaces could contribute to the satisfaction with the urban environment of cities, which eventually could influence the momentary and long-term subjective wellbeing (SWB) of citizens. Therefore, the aim of this research is to gain insight into how momentary experience and satisfaction with the urban public space could contribute to the SWB of citizens, and thereby control for personal, contextual characteristics. Relationships were simultaneously analyzed using a multi-level path analysis approach based on a sample of 1056 momentary experiences of urban public spaces reported by 161 citizens of the urban area Eindhoven, The Netherlands. The results showed that personality and personal characteristics are highly important for explaining long-term SWB and subsequently long-term SWB positively influences momentary SWB (the degree of feeling secure, comfortable, happy and annoyed) together with the momentary satisfaction of urban public space characteristics. In addition, contextual characteristics, such as time/day and distance to facilities are important for explaining people’s momentary SWB. Policy makers and urban planners can use these results when developing policy and designing a healthy, attractive, livable and safe living environment for citizens.
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赵莹, 柴彦威, 关美宝. 中美城市居民出行行为的比较——以北京市与芝加哥市为例[J]. 地理研究, 2014, 33(12):2275-2285
摘要
中外城市比较研究是城市科学研究中的一个重要方面。不同社会文化背景、城市规划理念下城市居民日常行为的比较,对中国城市未来发展借鉴国际经验具有重要意义。当前,围绕中美城市空间发展及居民日常行为的研究多局限在经验性的理论讨论,鲜有基于一手数据的比较分析。开展基于活动&#x02014;出行日志的中国北京与美国芝加哥城市中心区居民出行行为的对比,由此透视不同的城市空间结构对居民行为的时空制约差异。结果显示:北京居民的通勤距离较短,且表现出市中心指向性;而芝加哥居民的通勤距离较长,具有向城市远郊区扩散的趋势。居民日常出行中,工作目的出行距离最长,北京居民事务目的出行居次,而芝加哥休闲目的出行居次。北京居民倾向于慢行交通出行,而芝加哥居民依赖于小汽车出行。最后讨论了美国经验对中国城市空间健康发展的建议,以及中美城市比较研究的未来。
Zhao Ying, Chai Yanwei, Kwan M P. Comparison of urban residents' travel behavior in China and the U. S.: A case study between Beijing and Chicago. Geographical Research, 2014, 33(12):2275-2285

Comparative urban research is an important perspective for learning international experience and guide Chinese development, and urban residents’ travel behavior is a measurable phenomenon for exploring how different contexts and development stages have impact on residents’ daily activities. Previous studies mostly focus on theoretical discussions on urban spatial development and residents’ daily behavior in China and the U.S. rather than empirical studies based on first-hand surveys. This paper explores differences in behavioral patterns and space-time constraints of residents living in the urban centers of Beijing and Chicago. The datasets are based on Beijing activity diary survey of residents living inside the Fifth Ring Road and Chicago Regional Household Travel Inventory of residents living inside City of Chicago, both of which were collected in 2007. The datasets finally comprise data with two-day activity-travel diary from 715 individuals in Beijing and 589 individuals in Chicago. The results show that people in Beijing have relatively short commuting distance and center-oriented distribution, whereas people in Chicago have relatively long commuting distance and decentralized distribution. These are in consistent with the different suburbanization processes between China and the U.S. Suburbanization in China is mainly living space rather than employment centers. However, employment in large American metropolitan areas has been decentralized in a large extent. For socio-demographics, men with high household-income tend to travel long distance to work, which responds to intra-household gender division of labor and classical sector model in social space. For daily activities and travel, the purpose with the longest distance is work-related activities in both cities, but the second is maintenance-related activities in Beijing while the counterpart is entertainment-related activities in Chicago. For transport mode, people in Beijing prefer walking or bicycling, while people in Chicago are more likely to use cars. This paper generates some important insights on the development mode for future Chinese cities after considering the U.S. experience - i.e., developing sub-centers to form a multi-center spatial structure, improving urban facilities to reduce excess travel demands for maintenance and daily-shopping, encouraging people to keep using bicycles or walking instead of depending of cars. Discussions of the benefits and shortcomings associated with comparative urban research based on travel behavior analysis are provided, along with suggestions for future research.

[37]
Petrovi A, Ham M V, Manley D. Where do neighborhood effects end? Moving to multiscale spatial contextual effects[J]. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 202141-21

基金

国家自然科学基金项目(42301282)
国家自然科学基金项目(42271234)
国家自然科学基金项目(42271199)
国家自然科学基金项目(42101246)
香港研究资助局项目资助(14605920)
香港研究资助局项目资助(14606922)
香港研究资助局项目资助(C4023-20GF)

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