世界遗产地西湖的物理拥挤和心理拥挤关系

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.01.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

分析世界遗产地西湖各小景点的景观功能性差异和西湖申遗成功后主要收费景区客流的时空分布特征,梳理出4类观测点,分别测算出其物理拥挤度和心理拥挤度,探讨两者的关系以甄别中国国情下的旅游心理拥挤的关键性物理影响因子。得出结论：① 世界遗产地西湖的物理拥挤和心理拥挤的表征关系为一个近似的坐标轴的关系;② 遗产地西湖在拥挤管理上应实行分象限管理。③ 中国情境下,世界遗产地西湖的游客心理拥挤的主要物理影响因素为景区面积和景区引导标识系统。

关键词: 物理拥挤, 心理拥挤, 世界遗产地, 西湖

Abstract:

West Lake, the world heritage, is regarded as one of the most crowded tourist destinations in China. There are four kinds of samples in this article as the research objects. By analyzing the differences of the landscape function and the time and spatial distribution features of the tourist flow of the main charging scenic spot during 2012-2015 in the world heritage, West Lake, the author calculates the physical and psychological crowding degree of the four samples to discuss the relationships between the physical and psychological crowding. And the psychological crowding degree is calculated as following: The first is to get the crowding perception by Likert scale, and then establish regression equation with the tourist number. The next is to obtain the most appropriate psychological capacity (if y=3). Finally, to calculate the psychological crowding according to the actual amount of tourists number. Furthermore, the author attempts to find the key physical factors that have caused the psychological crowding. The result showed that: 1) The characterization relationship between the two crowding appears as an axis. 2) To West Lake, the governors should take measures of the hierarchical management. The ecological threshold is the maximum value of the physical capacity of the scenic spots located in the first quadrant where both of the physical and psychological crowding degrees are high. And the early-warning mechanism should be constructed for the scenic spots that are in the second quadrant, in which the physical crowding degree is high while the psychological is relatively low. To the spots in the third quadrant that both of the two types of crowding are low, popularity is the necessity to attract more tourists to participate in tourism activities, and for the fourth quadrant which the psychological crowding degree is much higher than the physical one, managers should pay special attention to the tourism atmosphere. 3) Under the situation of the China, the main influencing factors of the physical ones which affect the psychological crowding are the area and the guide signs of world heritage, and the functional relationship is =1.025×area-0.032×tourists number+0.634×guiding signs-0.005×attraction+0.027×cost.

Key words: physical crowding, psychological crowding, world heritage, West Lake

中图分类号:

F291.1

李风琴, 杨效忠. 世界遗产地西湖的物理拥挤和心理拥挤关系[J]. 地理科学, 2017, 37(1): 102-109.

Fengqin Li, Xiaozhong Yang. Relationship Between Physical and Psychological Crowding in the World Heritage—West Lake[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2017, 37(1): 102-109.

图/表 7

图1

图2

表1

表2

西湖遗产地4个观测点的心理拥挤度"

景点名称	心理拥挤感知度	拥挤感知方程	拟合系数	最佳心理容量（万人）	心理拥挤度及排名
三潭印月	4	$y$ =0.205 $x 3$ -1.219 $x 2$ +2.384 $x$ +2.494	0.917	0.2407	6.85（1）
灵隐寺	3.83	$y$ =-0.019 $x 3$ +0.662 $x$ +2.491	0.979	0.7826	1.88（2）
城隍阁	3.13	$y$ =4.682×10^-10 $x 3$ -1.727×10^-6 $x 2$ +0.002 $x$ +2.141	0.989	0.2028	0.38（3）
玉皇山	2.44	$y$ =-1.145 $x 3$ +3.022 $x 2$ -0.942 $x$ +2.494	0.996	0.7474	0.21（4）

表2

表3

图3

图4

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景区名称	项目	第1天	第2天	第3天	第4天	第5天	第6天	第7天	第8天	第9天	第10天	第11天	第12天
灵隐寺	实际接待人次（万人）	2.39	2.59	2.64	3.13	3.28	3.47	3.51	1.95	1.95	1.96	1.99	2.09
灵隐寺	拥挤感知度	3.83	3.87	3.94	4	3.99	3.97	4.01	3.6	3.63	3.6	3.69	3.79
三潭印月	实际接待人次（万人）	0.96	1.06	1.29	2.82	2.89	2.39	2.42	2.27	1.03	1.31	1.27	1.39
三潭印月	拥挤感知度	3.82	3.95	3.98	4.09	4.17	3.99	4.06	4.04	3.86	4.02	3.92	4.04
城隍阁	实际接待人次（人）	369.26	12180.52	985.19	10380.89	855.6	729.63	618.52	759.26	714.81	962.96	611.1	429.6
城隍阁	拥挤感知度	2.82	3.32	3.27	3.3	3.16	3.16	3.08	3.15	3.16	3.23	3.05	2.87
玉皇山	实际接待人次（万人）	0.49	0.13	0.11	0.11	0.09	0.11	0.11	0.1	0.14	0.21	0.14	0.14
玉皇山	拥挤感知度	2.61	2.55	2.39	2.52	2.38	2.33	2.39	2.43	2.4	2.4	2.46	2.43

景点名称	实际接待规模排名	理论物理容量（万人）及排名	平均物理拥挤度及排名	选用计算方法
三潭印月	2	0.56（2）	3.06（2）	卡口法
灵隐寺	1	0.274 2（3）	8.2（1）	面积法
城隍阁	4	0.183 1（4）	0.42（3）	面积法
玉皇山	3	0.854 8（1）	0.19（4）	线路法