中国重要生态保护区域人类干扰时空变化特征分析

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2022.06.014

地理科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (6): 1082-1090.doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2022.06.014

中国重要生态保护区域人类干扰时空变化特征分析

刘晓曼¹(), 王超¹, 肖如林¹, 付卓¹, 吕娜¹, 袁静芳¹^,², 侯鹏¹^,^*()

1.生态环境部卫星环境应用中心，北京 100094
2.中国环境科学研究院，北京 100012

收稿日期:2021-04-01 修回日期:2021-08-25 出版日期:2022-06-25 发布日期:2022-08-23
通讯作者: 侯鹏 E-mail:showma79@163.com;houpcy@163.com
作者简介:刘晓曼（1979−），女，湖北宜昌人，博士，研究员，主要从事生态保护与修复研究。E-mail: showma79@163.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划（2021YFB3901102）资助

Characteristics of Human Disturbance and the Spatio-temporal Changes of Important Ecological Protection Areas in China

Liu Xiaoman¹(), Wang Chao¹, Xiao Rulin¹, Fu Zhuo¹, Lyu Na¹, Yuan Jingfang¹^,², Hou Peng¹^,^*()

1. Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Center for Satellite Application on Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100094, China
2. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China

Received:2021-04-01 Revised:2021-08-25 Online:2022-06-25 Published:2022-08-23
Contact: Hou Peng E-mail:showma79@163.com;houpcy@163.com
Supported by:
National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFB3901102)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

构建人类干扰指数，从时间和空间双重角度，评估中国重要生态保护区域人类干扰变化特征。研究表明：① 总体来说，2018年中国重要生态保护区域人类干扰低于全国平均水平，1980―2018年，和全国平均水平相比，中国重要生态保护区域人类干扰增加幅度小、增长趋势慢，定量说明中国重要生态保护区域人类活动整体管控成效好；② 1980―2018年，3类重要生态保护区域（国家级自然保护区、生物多样性优先区、重点生态功能区）人类干扰指数均呈逐步增加趋势。以“胡焕庸线”为界，重要生态保护区域以西、以北人类干扰总体较小，增加相对缓慢；以东、以南人类干扰相对明显，增加也相对明显，今后对这些区域要重点加强管控；③ 国家级自然保护区人类干扰指数在5个监测年份均最低，增加趋势最平缓、增幅最小，人类活动实际管控成效最好；重点生态功能区和生物多样性优先区人类干扰相对较大，管控成效有待显现，结果反映中国对重要生态保护区域分类管控力度和梯度的差异；④ 重要生态保护区域内部人类干扰指数及增幅均低于外部未受保护区域，构建重要生态保护区域有效降低人类干扰。

关键词: 生态保护区域, 人类干扰, 保护成效, 管控

Abstract:

Due to the human activities, the existing natural ecological areas are not real natural. In this article, 474 national nature reserves, 25 key ecological function zones and 32 terrestrial biodiversity conservation priority areas were selected as the research areas. By constructing human disturbance index, the characteristics of temporal and spatial dynamic changes of human disturbance in important natural ecological areas in China were evaluated. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The intensity of human activities in the important natural ecological spaces was lower than that in China in 2018, which reflected the effect of categorized and zoned governance was good. Taking the Hu Huanyong line as a dividing line, the intensity of human activities in the west and north of the important natural ecological areas was relatively small, and that in the south and east was relatively obvious; from 1980 to 2018, the human interference index of the important natural ecological spaces increased gradually. Compared with that of China, the increase rate was small. The average annual growth rate of 1990-2000 and 2010-2018 was relatively larger than that of the other period. It was due to policy regulation and economic development; 2) The human disturbance index of national nature reserves was the lowest in the five monitoring years. At the same time, its growth speed was the slowest and the growth rate was the smallest, which showed it achieved certain positive effect in managing and controlling human activities. Otherwise, that of key ecological function zones and terrestrial biodiversity conservation priority areas need to be further strengthened, which reflected gradient difference of managing and controlling human activities in important ecological protection areas. 3) Human disturbance in most of the important natural ecological areas in China has been stable and decreased, which was conducive to the protection of important ecosystems and biodiversity, as well as the maintenance of ecological service functions. However, there are still 22.15% national nature reserves, 32% key ecological function zones and 28.12% terrestrial biodiversity conservation priority areas need to be paid attention to in the future. The human interference index of the areas of returning farmland to forest and Hulunbuir grassland in Daxing'an Mountains decreased. The human interference index of the areas in Xinjiang, Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Hengduan Mountains and other areas to the north and west of Hu Huanyong line was basically balanced, and that of the areas in northeast plain, coastal areas and Xinjiang oasis agriculture areas were rised. 4) The human disturbance index, also the increase rate in the important ecological areas were lower than those in the external unprotected area, which quantitatively reflected the importance and necessity of building important natural ecological areas in China. The farther away from the important natural ecological areas, the more obvious human interference, and the gradual reduction of human activity management and control. To a certain extent, it showed that the construction of important natural ecological areas in China had a positive spillover effect on the human activity management and control in the surrounding areas. In general, the analysis results explained the importance of the construction of important natural ecological areas in China, and clearly described the necessity of regional management and control of China’s land space classification, which can provide scientific basis for the scientific governance of natural ecological areas in China in the future.

Key words: ecological protection areas, human interference, protection effect, management and control

中图分类号:

刘晓曼, 王超, 肖如林, 付卓, 吕娜, 袁静芳, 侯鹏. 中国重要生态保护区域人类干扰时空变化特征分析[J]. 地理科学, 2022, 42(6): 1082-1090.

Liu Xiaoman, Wang Chao, Xiao Rulin, Fu Zhuo, Lyu Na, Yuan Jingfang, Hou Peng. Characteristics of Human Disturbance and the Spatio-temporal Changes of Important Ecological Protection Areas in China[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2022, 42(6): 1082-1090.

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人类干扰程度	对应的土地利用/覆被类型
1	有林地（21）、灌木林（22）、疏林地（23）、其它林地（24）
	高覆盖度草地（31）、中覆盖度草地（32）、低覆盖度草地（33）
	河渠（41）、湖泊（42）、水库坑塘（43）、永久性冰川雪地（44）、滩涂（45）、滩地（46）
	沙地（61）、戈壁（62）、盐碱地（63）、沼泽地（64）、裸土地（65）、裸岩石质地（66）、其它（67）
2	水田（11）、旱地（12）
3	城镇（51）、农村居民点（52）、其它建设用地（53）

人类干扰指数变化程度/%	变化程度
<−0.10	明显下降
−0.10 ~ −0.01	轻微下降
−0.01 ~ 0.01	基本持衡
0.01 ~ 0.10	轻微上升
>0.10	明显上升

人类干扰指数变化程度	国家级自然保护区		重点生态功能区		生物多样性优先区
人类干扰指数变化程度	数量/个	占比/%	数量/个	占比/%	数量/个	占比/%
注：未含港澳台数据。
明显上升	20	4.22	1	4	2	6.25
轻微上升	85	17.93	7	28	7	21.87
基本持衡	324	68.35	17	68	20	62.5
轻微下降	37	7.81	0	0	3	9.38
明显下降	8	1.69	0	0	0	0
总计	474		25		32

区域	1980年	1990年	2000年	2010年	2018年
注：未含港澳台数据。
国家级自然保护区内部	0.3395	0.3400	0.3403	0.3406	0.3415
国家级自然保护区外部0~5 km区域	0.3860	0.3866	0.3881	0.3890	0.3932
国家级自然保护区外部5~10 km区域	0.3962	0.3969	0.3986	0.3997	0.4039
生物多样性优先区内部	0.3529	0.3529	0.3538	0.3540	0.3558
生物多样性优先区外部0~5 km区域	0.4080	0.4091	0.4111	0.4124	0.4187
生物多样性优先区外部5~10 km区域	0.4189	0.4198	0.4219	0.4237	0.4311
重点生态功能区内部	0.3611	0.3618	0.3633	0.3636	0.3664
重点生态功能区外部0~5 km区域	0.3844	0.3855	0.3868	0.3870	0.3904
重点生态功能区外部5~10 km区域	0.4076	0.4089	0.4101	0.4104	0.4140

中国重要生态保护区域人类干扰时空变化特征分析

Characteristics of Human Disturbance and the Spatio-temporal Changes of Important Ecological Protection Areas in China

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