物流网络组织是近代经济地理学和交通地理学关注不多的领域。在全球生产网络理论兴起的今天,基于公司层面的物流网络的组织应成为地理学研究的重要内容,需要借鉴其他学科的相关理论和方法。本文构建了基于战略网络、空间网络和运营网络的物流网络组织的理论框架,以开展对微观层次(尤指公司层面)的物流网络组织的研究和理解,并以南方物流集团为案例,进行了实证分析。研究发现:物流组织的战略网络包括两种,一种是物流公司与客户的合作联盟,一种是物流公司与物流公司之间的合作联盟,战略关系管理是物流公司的重要发展战略;空间网络一般呈现总公司-分公司-办事处的等级结构,空间网络的选址受到市场导向因素、公司经营战略和企业运营成本等因素的影响;运营网络是一个由运输、仓储、报关、配送等多个过程组成的流程,受物流业务外包程度的影响,参与主体对信息的共享是运营网络的一个重要的特征。
The organization of logistics network was a neglected field in terms of both modern economic geography and transport geography. Freight transportation has been dominantly the focus of geographers dealing with maritime, port and rail transport issues. The scholars in China also paid attention to these fields. But in fact the enduring growth in the movements of goods and innovations in the associated networks of logistics and freight distribution represent a dynamic part of economic globalization. The aim of the project is to find the attributes of the logistics network on the firm level in urban China. This study intends to develop a microscopic understanding of the organization of logistics industry in urban China, the new economic giant of the globalizing world. It designs a framework which consists of the strategic network, spatial network and operational network for understanding the firm’s logistic organizations, which are placing the issue of freight distribution as a central concern of human geography, much beyond the traditional focus of transport geography. The framework borrows the theories from the economy science, social science, transportation geography, economic geography and management science. Then it takes the South Logistics Enterprises Group as a study case. The research was carried out through interviewing with managers of the case firm for three times. It is observed that the strategic networks of logistics firms in China cover two types: one is the alliance between logistics firms and their customers, and the other is the alliance between logistics firms with other small or middle-sized traditional logistics firms. The alliances are founded on the base of total trust, which is formulated in the cooperation of long period. The logistics firm takes the key relationship management as the most important task. A spatial network with a hierarchy structure is identified: headquarter—branch firms—offices. The underlying mechanism can be termed as three types: customers-oriented, strategic-oriented or cost-oriented. For instance, the network often adds a new branch for the key customers under the customers-oriented strategy. Among of these three factors, customer-oriented is the most important one most of the base and branches are set according to the requirement of their customers. Moreover, the operational network depends on the outsourcing system, including procedures of transportation, material management, information transfer and so on. An information shared platform and a creative operational network contribute to the efficiency of the customers’ supply chain. Besides the creative of network, the high technology is also helpful to the efficiency, such as communication technology, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), modern Logistics Information System, GPS, and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). As technological change and globalization are moving forward, flows, circuits and the associated paces will receive further attention, since they are essential for the global network economy.
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