建立有效的生态补偿机制是自然保护区取得资源环境保护和社区社会经济发展的关键。利用文献调研法、问卷调查法、访谈法、利益相关者分析法、机会成本法和意愿调查法等,分析福建武夷山国家级自然保护区生态保护对社区的影响,从补偿主体、客体、标准、方式和途径等方面探讨福建武夷山国家级自然保护区生态补偿机制。研究结果表明,福建武夷山国家级自然保护区大部分社区居民对保护区的建立持赞同态度,这种态度受被调查者的教育程度、年龄和性别的影响;自然保护区的建立限制了社区社会经济的发展,使大多数社区居民收入减少,而社区居民没有得到相应的补偿;社区居民面临着资金不足、补偿措施不到位和缺乏致富技术等问题;确定了基于利益相关者分析和意愿调查的福建武夷山国家级自然保护区生态补偿的主体和客体;依据发展权限制的损失(包括退耕还林的机会成本、野生动物破坏造成的损失)、社区居民受偿意愿和受益者的支付意愿,制定了生态补偿的标准,明确了生态补偿的方式和途径。
Establishing nature reserve is one of the most efficient approaches to conserve biodiversity and restore ecological service function,and the problems common concerned by research scholars,decision makers and communities are the influence of nature reserve on social economy and ecological protection, as well as how to coordinate the relationship between them. Establishing an effective ecological compensation mechanism is very crucial to resources environment protection and the development of the community’s social economy in a nature reserve. In this paper, the methods of documents investigation, questionnaire, interview, stake-holder analysis, opportunity cost and contingent valuation were used to analyze and discuss the influence of Wuyishan National Nature Reserve of Fujian on communities from some aspects, such as compensated institutes and objects, compensation standards, modes and ways. The results showed that 1) most community residents agreed to establish this reserve, which were influenced by the educational background, age and gender of the respondents; 2) establishing reserve limited the development of the community’s social economy, which lessened most community residents’ income, however, they did not obtain corresponding compensation; 3) community residents were faced with some problems such as capital scarcity, imperfect indemnifying measure and short of technology to get rich; 4) compensated institutes and objects in the reserve were ensured based on the stake-holder analysis and contingent valuation; 5) the compensation standards were enacted according to the loss result from the limitation of the right to development (including the opportunity cost of returning farmland to forestry, the loss resulted from wild animals), and the community residents’ willingness to accept as well as the beneficiary’s willingness to pray; and 6) compensation modes and ways were definite too.
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