基于福建省福州市流动人口问卷调查及流动人口、企业雇主和相关政府部门官员的深入访谈,考察了流动人口流迁模式的复杂性和多元分化及其对他们社会保护的影响。研究结果表明,流动人口的流迁模式呈现在流入地定居、保持流动状态和向流出地回流的三维分化,并由此导致其对社会保护需求在整体上不同于流入地当地居民,在其内部呈现多元分化的局面;以"城市融入"为主导的社会保护方法需要根据这种需求特点予以完善和拓展。还探讨了以上分析的理论和政策意义,重点分析了基于"城市融入"视角的分析框架在指导流动人口社会保护研究和政策制定上的局限性和向"社会融入"视角拓展的必要性,以及诸如社会保护项目的可携带性、制度基础和融资机制等政策层面的问题。
Based on a survey of the floating population and subsequent in-depth interviews in Fuzhou City, China, this paper examines the complexity and diversity of mobility patterns of the floating population and its implications for their social protection in China. The results show that while a small proportion of the floating population want to settle down in the cities, a substantial proportion of them will return to their hometowns or remain mobile in the near future; and that members of the floating population have different social protection needs from local urban residents and among themselves. The paper identifies three major limitations of the current approach of urban inclusion in meeting the floating population’s needs for social protection, namely its incompatibility with the highly mobile nature of the floating population, its neglect of the floating population’s of social protection arising from their mobile nature, and its neglect of the floating population’s diversified needs caused by their differentiation in their final migration destinations. Based on the above analysis, the paper suggests that the current approach of urban inclusion should be expanded under the conceptual framework of social inclusion, so that the floating population’s distinctive and diversified needs for social protection can be better met. The paper also explores the conceptual and policy implications of the above analysis, focusing on the limitation of the conceptual framework of urban inclusion and exclusion in guiding the discussion of social protection for the floating population and using the conceptual framework of social inclusion and exclusion for such a purpose, and some practical issues such as the portability of social protection programs and their institutional basis and financing mechanism.
[1] Zhu Y,Chen W Z.The settlement intention of China’s floating population in the cities:Recent changes and multi-faceted individual-level determinants [J]. Population,Space and Place, 2010, 16(4):253-267.
[2] Chan K W,Zhang L.The Hukou System and rural-urban migration in China: Processes and changes [J].The China Quarterly,1999,(160):818-855.
[3] Solinger D J.Contesting Citizenship in Urban China:Peasant Migrants,the State, and the Logic of the Market [M].Berkeley:University of California Press, 1999.
[4] 李 玲,欧阳慧,陈耀森,等.大城市流动人口特征及管理:以广州为例兼与北京、上海比较[J].人口研究,2001,25(2):46~52.
[5] Liang Z. The age of migration in China [J].Population and Development Review,2001,27(3):499-524.
[6] 朱 宇.国外对非永久性迁移的研究及其对我国流动人口问题的启示[J].人口研究,2004,28(3):52~59.
[7] 任 远,邬民乐.城市流动人口的社会融合:一个文献述评[J].人口研究,2006,30(3):87~94.
[8] 郑功成,黄黎若莲.中国农民工问题与社会保护[M].北京:人民出版社,2007.
[9] 刘传江.新生代农民工的特点、挑战与市民化[J].人口研究,2010,34(2):34~39.
[10] 王春光.对新生代农民工城市融合问题的认识[J].人口研究,2010,34(2):31~34.
[11] Zhu Y. China’s floating population and their settlement intention in the cities: Beyond the Hukou reform [J].Habitat International,2007,31(1):65-76.
[12] 任 远.流动人口居留模式的变化和城市管理——基于对上海的研究[J].人口研究,2007,31(3):71~78.
[13] 彭希哲,郭秀云.权利回归与制度重构——对城市流动人口管理模式创新的思考[J].人口研究,2007,31(4):1~8.
[14] Fan C C.China on the Move: Migration,the State,and the Household [M].London: Routledge,2008: 1-19.
[15] Lin L Y,Zhu Y.The diverse housing needs of rural to urban migrants and policy responses in China: Insights from a survey in Fuzhou [J].IDS Bulletin,2010,41(4):12-21.
[16] 罗守贵,王爱民,高汝熹. 高级人才空间流动因素分析及建立反区域筛选机制的意义[J].地理科学, 2009,29(6): 779~786
[17] 鲁 奇,黄 英,孟 健,等.流动人口在北京中心区和近远郊区分布差异的调查研究[J].地理科学, 2005,25(6): 655~663
[18] 刘海泳,顾朝林.北京流动人口聚落的形态、结构与功能[J]. 地理科学, 1999,19(6): 497~503
[19] 田剑平,许学强,赵晓斌,等.城市外来低收入移民安置与自下而上城市化发展[J].地理科学, 2002,22(4): 476~482
[20] 姚 俊.农民工参加不同社会养老保险意愿及其影响因素研究——基于江苏五地的调查[J].中国人口科学,2010,(1):93~100.
[21] 高书生.社会保障改革何去何从[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006.
[22] 李晓云,杨龙波.关于农民工社会保障问题的思考[J].市场与人口分析,2007,13(3):49~55.
[23] 宋明岷.农民工养老保险模式比较研究[J].农村经济,2007,(7):71~72.
[24] Watson A.Social security for China’s migrant workers: Providing for old age [J].Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 2009,38(4):85-115.
[25] 朱 宇.新生代农民工:特征、问题与对策[J].人口研究,2010,34(2):31,53~56.
