土壤信息系统建立是当今土壤科学发展阶段的必然要求,全球和有关国家的土壤信息系统在资源评价和模拟等多方面发挥着重要作用。目前在土壤研究不断积累和SOTER研究全面展开的基础上建设我国国家土壤信息系统的工作已经开展。在分析全球和其他国家土壤数据库的基础上,介绍了建设中的我国土壤信息系统的功能和任务设计、基本组成和数据库结构、内容以及研究基础,并举例说明了土壤信息系统在环境模拟中的应用。
Soil Information System (SIS) is a computerized tool, which is built to collect, store, manage and analyse soil and soil-related environmental information. The establishment of SIS is the consequence of the development of soil science, for it is absolutely necessary for the evaluation of soil resource and natural resources as well as the modelling of ecological processes. This paper analyses the national and international progress in the research and establishment of soil information system, the features of the spatial databases and the attribute databases of the global and several national soil information systems. Most of the national and international soil information systems contain spatial and attribute databases, while NASIS (National Soil Information System, USA) contains, up to now, only attribute data. Attribute databases are mostly relational but NASIS does use UNIX-based INFOMIX system. The features of the design, functionality, structure, contents and possible applications of the being-built China national soil information system are explained. The functionality of national soils information system includes management, assessment and analysis of soil information. It can provide soil information for soil classification, sol science education, soil resource monitoring, soil process and change prediction as well as agricultural and environmental policy-making. China national soil information system comprises three main components, namely the spatial database, the attribute database and the application models. The main data source comes from the Second National Soil Survey Programme as well as from the study of Chinese Soil Taxonomy. The spatial database consists of a series of soil maps and the related thematic maps in the scale of 1/4,000,000 and 1/1,000,000 for national level, 1/500,000 for provincial level and 1/50,000 for county level. For national and provincial levels, all existing maps will be collected and input into the system, while only a part of county maps can be collected and built into the database in the current stage, due to the mass workload. Spatial data is stored as convertible polygon format as digitized with the current commercial GIS software such as ARC/INFO or MAPGIS. Attribute data is maintained by relational database tool. A unique linking code is built to link the spatial and attribute databases so guarantee the flexible extraction and display. An application model pool containing various models for interpretation is also included, which is equally important for a complete information system. The utility of soil information system varies. For agriculture and forestry, it provides basic information for the recognition of the spatial variation and serves the evaluation of crop (including tree) suitability and, helps to facilitate the implementation of soil conservation projects. For environmental protection, it makes up the necessary part of basic databases to assess environmental capacity and to model environmental processes, regionally and globally. Construction engineering also to seems require more and more site soil information. An example is given to illustrate the main procedures modelling regional pollutant load using soil infromation system and other related databases.
[1] Burrough P A. Soil information system[A]. In: D J Maguire et al. (ed.) Geographic information systems. Principles and Applications. Vol. 2 Applications[M]. 1991. Longman Scientific and Technical, Essex, UK.
[2] Baumgardner M F. Soil databases[A]. In: M.E. Sumner (ed.). Hand Book of Soil Science[M]. CRC Press. 1999.H1-H3.
[3] Agriculture Canada. The Canadian soil information system (CanSIS)[A]. Manual for describing soils inthe field[M]. Land Resource Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. 1983.
[4] Coote D R,MacDonald K B. The Canadian Soil Database[A]. In: M.E. Sumner (ed.). HandBook of Soil Science[M]. CRC Press. 1999.H41-H52.
[5] Lytle D J. United states soil survey database[A]. In: M.E. Sumner (ed.). Hand Book of Soil Science[M]. CRC Press. 1999.H53-H67.
[6] Nachtergaele F O. From the Soil Map of the World to the Digital Soil and Terrain Database:1960-2002[A]. In: M.E. Sumner (ed.). Hand Book of Soil Science[M]. CRC Press. 1999.H5-H17.
[7] Batjes N H. Development of a 0.5o by 0.5o resolution global soil database[A]. In: M.E. Sumner (ed.). Hand Book of Soil Science[M]. CRC Press. 1999.H29-H40.
[8] Van Engelen V P. Global and national soil and terrain digital databases (SOTER). Procedures manual (revised edition)[M]. ISSS-UNEP-FAO-ISRIC, Wageningen, Netherlands.
[9] Batjes N H. "Global assessment of land vulnerability to water erosion on a 0.5o by 0.5o grid[J]. Land Degardation & Development. 1996.7: 353-365.
[10] Batjes N H. "A world dataset of derived soil properties by FAO-UNESCO soil unit for global modelling"[J]. Soil Use and Management. 1997.13: 9-16.
[11] Zheng D, Hunt Jr. E R and Running S W. Comparison of available soil water capacity estimated from topography and soil series information[J]. Land Ecology. 1996. 11:3-14.
[12] Wilson J P, W P Inskeep, J M Wraith and Snyder R D. GIS-based solute transport modeling applications: Scale effects of soil and climate data input[J]. J. Environ.Qual. 1996. 25:433-439.
[13] 张晋,田琦. 全国自然环境信息系统研的研究与建立[A]. 将景瞳,张晋,孙九林等. 全国性资源与环境信息系统研究[C]. 北京:测绘出版社. 1991:1~9.
[14] 龚子同等. 中国土壤系统分类—理论、方法、实践[M]. 北京:科学出版社. 1999.
[15] 张明,张洪业,李秀彬等. 利用已有资料建立京津塘1:50万SOTER数据库的实践与问题讨论[J]. 土壤通报. 1999. 30:32~34.
[16] 张国枢. 1:50万SOTER制图与数据采集—以辽河下游地区为例[J]. 土壤通报. 1999. 30:35~38.
[17] 陈学华,何毓蓉,徐建中. 四川盆地SOTER数据库的建立[J]. 土壤通报. 1999. 30:39~41.
[18] 龚子同,张甘霖,骆国保等. 规范我国土壤分类[J]. 土壤通报. 1999. 30:1~4.
[19] Soil Survey Staff. National soil information system—soil interpretation and information dissemination subsystem. Draft requirement statement[R]. USDA-NRCS, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE. 1991.
[20] Soil Survey Staff. Soil survey geographic database data use information[R]. USDA, Misc. Pub. 1527. 1995.
[21] 李涛,张甘霖,周勇. 水耕人为土资源数据库的建立[J]. 土壤通报. 1999. 30:50~52.
[22] 张学雷,张甘霖,龚子同. 土壤基层分类样区土系数据库的建立与应用研究[J]. 土壤通报. 1999. 30:29~31.
[23] Petersen G W. The use of soil database in resource assessment and land use planning[A]. In: M.E. Sumner (ed.). Hand Book of Soil Science[M]. CRC Press. 1999.H69-H94.
[24] Arnold R W. Soil database management[A]. In: Proc. Int. Symp. Minimum Data Sets Agrotech. Transf. Pantacheru[C], India. March 21-26, 1984.ICRISAT Center, India.
