转化博弈视域下图们江合作通航的困局与出路研究
作者简介:李正(1976-),男(瑶族),湖南永州人,讲师,博士研究生,主要从事地缘经济与地缘政治研究。E-mail:lizheng2020@yahoo.cn
收稿日期: 2012-11-04
要求修回日期: 2013-02-25
网络出版日期: 2013-04-20
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41071100、41261044)、中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(11ssxt126)和云南师范大学人文社科研究基地项目资助
Transformation Game Perspective About the Cooperation Dilemma in the Tumen River′s Navigation and Its Solutions
Received date: 2012-11-04
Request revised date: 2013-02-25
Online published: 2013-04-20
Copyright
作为东北亚重要的国际性河流,图们江实现国际通航,对图们江地区国际合作开发具有重要意义。在梳理图们江国际通航的理论依据基础上,运用转化博弈思维与方法,建立博弈模型,对图们江国际通航合作中的问题与出路进行了探讨。结果表明:① 图们江国际通航受阻是俄朝寻求相对利益最大化的理性反应,而俄朝之所以采取非合作策略,其深层根源是地缘政治优先与战略均衡思维及其之上的多维利益考量,以及法理性制约;② 在图们江通航问题上的非合作博弈的现实,最终导致了中俄朝3个沿岸国的绝对收益最差、群体收益也最小,陷入与社会期望完全相悖的社会两难境地。③ 结成合作大联盟是图们江通航博弈的帕累托最优,这必将为联盟群体带来最大化效率,其成员的效率也是最大的;④ 联盟结构与联盟成员的目标取向与实现路径正好相反,而个体收益水平与合作策略的选择之间也非简单线性相关,这就导致大联盟结构必然是非稳定的;⑤ 由于缺乏结成大联盟的内生动力与自我强化机制,必须借助外部强制力,诸如具有强制约束力的法律和转移支付手段等,建立起合作博弈的社会机制体系,才能确保其稳定性。
李正 , 武友德 , 陈才 , 曹洪华 , 甘静 . 转化博弈视域下图们江合作通航的困局与出路研究[J]. 地理科学, 2013 , 33(4) : 393 -401 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2013.04.393
As an important international river of the Northeast Asia, the Tumen River directly adjoins with three countries China, Russia, and Korea by the channel. In the east, it is close to Japan and South Korea across the sea, and to the west of it can be migrated to attract Mongolia through the land bridge. It has a signification of the Tumen River cooperative development that the Tumen River to come true international navigation. Based on the Tumen River international navigation theoretical basis, which illustrated the realization of the Tumen River international navigation basis, historical basis, and legal basis, this paper established a basis of the Tumen River international navigation game theory model and the cooperative game alliance structure. Through the reasonable hypothesis and simplification science, this article will deal with it quantitative qualitative problems, and try to discuss and slove the problems of the Tumen River international navigation, using the transformation game view and methods. The results show that: 1) It is the rational reaction of the most profitable trail to take between Russia and Korea, why is the Tumen River cannot navigate to the sea. The deep root that Russia and Korea take "no-cooperation" strategy is multidimensional interest considerations through geopolitical priority and strategic equilibrium, mainly including the impact of geopolitical relations, multidimensional distribution pattern of the rights and interests, regional international cooperation level of restriction, the regulation of international law, the constraints of resources and environment, and so on multiple factors. 2) the Tumen River navigation obstruction is the results of non-cooperative game strategy adopted by Russia and Korea. However, the situation of non-cooperative is not accord with the social expectation of common development, mutual reciprocity and mutual benefit to China, Russia, and Korea, and it does not comply with a long-term traditional national relationship what the three countries pursuit of “friendly cooperation and coordination” with solemn promise, also does not assort with the international cooperation function of the Tumen River area′s development and opening up. What′s more, it deviates from the usual practice and trend of full development and utilization in the international rivers. 3) Russia, China, and Korea should form a grand coalition to work for the Pareto optimum of the Tumen River international navigation in conflicts around nations. This will bring for not only grand coalition but also its members to maximize efficiency. 4) Goal orientation of the grand coalition structure and its member is exactly opposite to the realization route, and the choice between individual income level and cooperation strategy is not simple linear correlation. So the grand coalition structure is inevitable instable. 5) Due to the lack of endogenous power and self strengthening mechanism about grand coalition, it is important to have the aid of external coercive power such as forced binding law and transfer payment methods, and set up cooperative game social mechanism system in order to ensure its stability. As a response, a cooperative game mechanism of social system should be designed, which is composed of friendly understanding mechanism, the side payment mechanism, institutional mechanism, diplomatic negotiation mechanism, and the internationalization of mechanism.
Fig.1 The international river Tumen and its basin图1 国际河流图们江及其流域 |
Table 1 Trilateral game matrix of Tumen River international navigation表1 图们江国际通航的三国博弈矩阵 |
俄罗斯 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
合作 | 不合作 | ||||
朝鲜 | 朝鲜 | ||||
合作 | 不合作 | 合作 | 不合作 | ||
中国 | 合作 | ,, | , , | ,, | ,, |
不合作 | ,, | ,, | , , | ,, |
Fig.2 The mode of coalition structure evolving in the Tumen River international navigation图2 图们江国际通航的合作联盟结构演进模式 |
Table 2 The demand difference of interests to the Tumen River coastal states表2 图们江沿岸国的利益需求差异 |
地缘政治利益 | 地缘经济利益 | 资源与生态利益 | |
---|---|---|---|
中国 | 恢复实现通航出海权益;发展与俄朝传统友好关系,维护地缘安全 | 唯一无阻碍通往日本海的重要集疏运通道 | 地理环境独特,生物多样性保持完好,已发挥着重要的生态功能 |
俄罗斯 | 维护和巩固在图们江及环日本海地缘格局中的占优位势;俄朝联系的极为重要的战略通道 | 担心会影响已与中方开展“路港关”合作的主动地位和既得利益 | 重视生态保护;需中朝给以环保合作,尤其是中方在图们江中上游流域的环境保护 |
朝鲜 | 对地缘政治与安全感到焦虑,以维护和巩固政权为首要考虑 | 侧重于防洪灌溉;担心会影响到“路港区”合作 | 生态环境保护工作没有得到应有的重视,生态环境失衡比较严重 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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