巴拿马科隆自贸区的发展历程及启示
作者简介:孟广文(1960-),男,天津人,博士,教授,主要从事自由经济区、空间规划和区域政策、德国人文-经济地理研究。E-mail: gwmeng98@hotmail.com
收稿日期: 2016-09-19
要求修回日期: 2017-05-09
网络出版日期: 2017-06-20
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41171102, 413101012, 41571114)资助
Development and Enlightenments of Colon Free Trade Zone in Panama
Received date: 2016-09-19
Request revised date: 2017-05-09
Online published: 2017-06-20
Supported by
National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (41171102, 413101012, 41571114)
Copyright
孟广文 , 刘函 , 赵园园 , 王春智 , 王红梅 , 鲁笑男 . 巴拿马科隆自贸区的发展历程及启示[J]. 地理科学, 2017 , 37(6) : 876 -884 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.06.009
With the in-depth development of economic globalization, Free Trade Zones not only play an important role in the expansion of international trade, attracting foreign investment, stimulating the development of regional economy and urbanization, but also take an essential part in promoting both the implementation of the overall economic development strategy in China and the reform of administration and economic system. Scholars in this field have introduced more about the early seedtime of Panama Free Trade Zone, while the study on the analysis and summary of current situation of Panama Free Trade Zone is weak. Thus, the article, which is on the basis of trade theory, economic geography, system evolution theory, uses the literature review, case study and other methods to summarize and review the development history, features and influence factors of Colon Free Trade Zone; then it analyses the strength and weakness, the opportunities and threats that prompt the evolution of Colon Free Trade Zone systematically; and it also makes a preliminary analysis and discussion about the influence to the construction of China’s experimental free-trade areas at the end of the article. And the experience of Colon Free Trade Zone means a lot to the development of the four free trade areas in China.
Fig.1 The location of Free Trade Zones in Panama图1 巴拿马自贸区地理位置示意图 |
Table 1 Total percentage of imports and exports of Colon Free Trade Zone in 1970-1975 (%)表1 1970~1975年科隆自贸区进出口总额百分比(%) |
年份 | 占进口额的百分比 | 占出口额的百分比 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
拉丁美洲和加勒比 | 中东和北非 | 南亚 | 撒哈拉以南非洲 | 拉丁美洲和加勒比 | 中东和北非 | 南亚 | 撒哈拉以南非洲 | ||
1970 | 0 | 23.2 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 4.30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
1971 | 0 | 23.5 | 0.27 | 0.13 | 11.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
1972 | 0 | 23.3 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 5.86 | 0.14 | 0 | 0 | |
1973 | 0 | 26.1 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 8.52 | 0.34 | 0 | 0 | |
1974 | 0 | 35.9 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 10.13 | 0.46 | 0 | 0 | |
1975 | 0 | 30.9 | 0.001 | 0.08 | 8.65 | 1.11 | 0 | 0 |
来源:http://data.worldbank.org/country/panama. |
Fig.2 Imports and exports of Colon Free Trade Zone and the percentage of short-term foreign debt to total debt in Panama图2 科隆自贸区进出口贸易额统计及巴拿马短期外债占总外债的百分比 |
Fig.3 Panama’s Canal-related Industrial Cluster图3 巴拿马运河产业群 |
Table 2 The functions and features of two Free Trade Zones in Panama表2 巴拿马两个自由贸易区的功能与特征 |
科隆自贸区 | 新太平洋自贸区 | |
---|---|---|
税收优惠 | 是 | 是 |
核心产业 | 批发、物流、 制造和加工 | 制造业、高科技产业、 加工和装配业 |
与周边环境的融合 | 否 | 否 |
就业岗位(个) | 30669 | 40000 |
专业的基础设施服务 | 是 | 是 |
位置 | 港口 | 前军事基地 |
法律地位 | 国有公司;私人企业 | 国有公司;私人企业 |
资料来源:根据参考文献[11]总结。 |
Fig.4 Imports and exports and merchandise trade volume of Colon Free Trade Zone图4 科隆自贸区进出口与商品贸易额 |
Fig.5 Government structure of Colon Free Trade Zone图5 科隆自贸区的管理模式图 |
Table 3 The tax system in Panama and the preferential tax policy in Colon Free Trade Zone表3 巴拿马国家税收制度与科隆自由贸易区税收优惠比较 |
国家税收制度 | 科隆自贸区税收优惠 |
---|---|
1公司所得税:实行二级累进制,税率30%~40%,从事商业、制造业等公司与个人征收营业特许税,税率为注册资本的1%。 2销售税:个人消费品税率为5%,而批发、进口及烟酒类物品税率为10%。 3 市政税:与政府签订合同、获取车辆牌照以及获得盈利性经营许可的企业和个人每月征收市政税。 4不动产销售税:税率为1.4%~2.2%,不动产转让时以其总值征收5%的转让税。 5增值税:对生产、进口商品和提供的劳务征收税率为15%的增值税。 | 1区内公司所得税采用累进制,税率为2.5%~8.5%, 2 a内免利润所得税,若雇用巴籍员工,再减免0.5%~1.5%所得税。 2源于境外的股息、区内商品销售免税,投资税、地方市政税豁免,但是在区内的车辆牌照需要缴税。 3境外货物进入贸易区或从区内出境,免进出口税,货物销售对巴拿马运河区或过境船只,视为出口,免税。 |
资料来源:《世界自由贸易区研究》及联合国贸发会议网站(http://www.unctad.org)整理得来。 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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