两千年来中国经济重心变迁的量化分析——基于人口和城市数据的代用分析
龚胜生(1965-),男,湖南涟源人,博士,教授,博导,主要从事历史地理学、健康地理学和可持续发展研究。E-mail: shshgong@mail.ccnu.edu.cn |
收稿日期: 2020-09-10
修回日期: 2020-12-28
网络出版日期: 2021-11-17
基金资助
湖北省自然科学基金创新群体项目(2016CFA026)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(41171408)
国家社会科学基金重大项目(12&ZD145)
版权
A Quantitative Study on the Spatio-temporal Changes of China’s Economic Centers of Gravity for the Past 2000 Years: A Proxy Analysis Based on Population and City Data
Received date: 2020-09-10
Revised date: 2020-12-28
Online published: 2021-11-17
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2016CFA026)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41171408)
National Social Science Foundation of China(12&ZD145)
Copyright
基于历史文献及统计年鉴中的人口和城市数据,采用历史时间断面方法和现代GIS空间分析方法,对过去2 000 a来(公元2—2015年)中国经济重心的变迁轨迹进行量化研究,结果表明:1)中国经济重心总体上是趋向东南迁移,唐代以前主要向西南移动,北宋以后主要向东南移动,中国经济的空间分异先以由南北差异为主,后以东西差异为主;“沈(阳)-兰(州)-西(双版纳)弧线”东南侧的经济发展过程与格局很大程度上可代表整个中国的经济发展过程与格局。2)中国经济重心变迁与其人口重心、城市重心的变迁关系十分密切,3类重心分布区域正是古称“中原”的地区,且3类重心始终位于几何中心的东部,中国东、西部的经济差异由来久远,且相对稳定。3)中国经济重心变迁受人口格局和城市格局变化的双重制约,随着时间推移,单位人口的经济当量趋于降低,单位城市的经济当量趋于上升,城市经济格局对总体经济格局的影响日益显著。
龚胜生 , 肖克梅 . 两千年来中国经济重心变迁的量化分析——基于人口和城市数据的代用分析[J]. 地理科学, 2021 , 41(9) : 1587 -1597 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2021.09.010
Based on the data of population and city, this article studies the distribution and change of China’s economic center of gravity in the past 2 000 years (A.D.2-2015) by using historical temporal section method and GIS spatial analysis method. The results show that: 1) Over the past 2 000 years, China’s economic center of gravity has generally moved toward the southeast, but before the Tang Dynasty, it mainly moved to the southwest. After the Song Dynasty, it mainly moved to the southeast. It means that the spatial pattern of China's economy has shifted from North-South differences to East-West differences. And the economic development process and pattern of the southeastern half of “Shenyang-Lanzhou-Xishuangbanna Arc” in China, can represents the national economic development to a certain extent. 2) The “centers of gravity distribution area”, formed by the population, city and economic centers of gravity, which are closely related, is roughly the so-called “Central Plains” area in history. These centers of gravity are always in the east of China’s geometric center, which illustrates that the economic gradient difference among the East and the West of China has a long history and is quite stable. 3) The change of China’s economic center of gravity is constrained by the changes of population pattern and city pattern. As time goes by, economic equivalent of per a person tends to decrease, and the economic equivalent of per a city tends to increase, which indicates that the impact of city economic development on the overall economic pattern is increasingly significant.
表1 2 000 a来中国8个时间断面的人口、城市的数量及其在经济总当量中的权重Table 1 Population and cities of eight time sections and their weights in the total economic equivalent for the past 2000 years in China |
时间断面 | 西汉 (2年) | 西晋 (280年) | 唐代 (742年) | 北宋 (1102年) | 南宋 (1208年) | 明代 (1460年) | 清代 (1820年) | 现代 (2015年) | 全期 (2—2015年) |
全国版图内总人口数 /万人 | 5793 | 2025 | 5810 | 5198 | 12107 | 5659 | 34962 | 137462 | — |
全国版图内县级城市数 /个 | 1555 | 1198 | 1585 | 1504 | 1601 | 1692 | 1745 | 2946 | — |
重心分析空间单元个数 /个 | 106 | 170 | 329 | 349 | 389 | 248 | 310 | 346 | — |
经济总当量中人口权重Wp | 0.64 | 0.77 | 0.79 | 0.63 | 0.69 | 0.63 | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.67 |
经济总当量中城市权重Wc | 0.36 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.37 | 0.31 | 0.37 | 0.43 | 0.36 | 0.33 |
表2 2 000 a来中国人口、城市的地域分异变化Table 2 The regional differentiation of population and cities over the past 2000 years in China |
时间断面 | 西汉 (2年) | 西晋 (280年) | 唐代 (742年) | 北宋 (1102年) | 南宋 (1208年) | 明代 (1460年) | 清代 (1820年) | 现代 (2015年) | 全期 (2—2015年) | |
注:“南方地区”是指淮河-秦岭-西藏自治区北界一线南侧地区,国土面积383.20万km2;“东南半壁”是指“沈-兰-西弧线”东南侧地区,国土面积361.45万km2,西南侧为“西南半壁”。 | ||||||||||
南方地区人口占比/% | 24.04 | 48.11 | 44.24 | 63.42 | 53.98 | 58.33 | 65.97 | 53.91 | 51.50 | |
南方地区城市占比/% | 26.11 | 48.40 | 59.18 | 56.83 | 53.48 | 62.63 | 55.61 | 53.91 | 52.02 | |
东南半壁人口占比/% | 96.16 | 94.59 | 90.26 | 89.86 | 97.66 | 96.56 | 96.97 | 92.01 | 94.26 | |
东南半壁城市占比/% | 94.79 | 92.52 | 95.33 | 91.53 | 94.91 | 90.69 | 84.88 | 81.73 | 90.80 | |
全国人口重心 | 纬度N/° | 34.90 | 34.16 | 33.68 | 32.60 | 32.24 | 32.25 | 31.41 | 32.21 | 32.94 |
经度E/° | 113.67 | 109.78 | 112.26 | 111.60 | 113.31 | 114.42 | 113.76 | 113.51 | 112.79 | |
全国城市重心 | 纬度N/° | 35.13 | 33.01 | 31.63 | 33.45 | 32.67 | 31.65 | 32.80 | 33.36 | 32.97 |
经度E/° | 113.00 | 112.56 | 111.01 | 112.77 | 111.93 | 111.05 | 110.56 | 111.95 | 111.84 | |
全国经济重心 | 纬度N/° | 35.01 | 33.35 | 32.54 | 33.01 | 32.41 | 31.93 | 31.75 | 32.62 | 32.83 |
经度E/° | 113.42 | 111.74 | 111.55 | 112.16 | 112.79 | 112.55 | 113.01 | 112.96 | 112.52 | |
全国经济重心所在县域 | 河南 武陟县 | 河南 内乡县 | 湖北 老河口 | 河南 镇平县 | 河南 唐河县 | 湖北 枣阳市 | 湖北 随县 | 河南 唐河县 | 河南 宛城区 |
[1] |
罗宗真. 六朝时期的江南农业经济——兼论全国经济重心的开始南移[J]. 农业考古, 1984(1): 254-259.
Luo Zongzhen. The agricultural economy in the south of the Yangtze River in the Six Dynasties(222-589)——Also on the beginning of the national economic center. Agricultural Archaeology, 1984(1): 254-259.
|
[2] |
童超. 东晋南朝时期的移民浪潮与土地开发[J]. 历史研究, 1987(4): 64-79.
Tong Chao. The wave of immigration and land development during the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties. Historical Research, 1987(4): 64-79.
|
[3] |
韩国磐. 五代时南中国的经济发展及其限度[J]. 厦门大学学报(社会科学版), 1956(1): 37-58.
Han Guopan. The economic development and its limits of South China during the Five Dynasties (907-960). Journal of Xiamen University(Arts & Social Sciences), 1956(1): 37-58.
|
[4] |
张家驹. 两宋经济重心的南移[M]. 武汉: 湖北人民出版社, 1957: 2-5.
Zhang Jiaju. The southward shift of the economic focus of the Song dynasties. Wuhan: Hubei People’s Press, 1957: 2-5.
|
[5] |
施和金. 唐宋时期经济重心南移的地理基础[J]. 南京师大学报(社会科学版), 1991(3): 35-42.
Shi Hejin. The geographical basis of the southward shift of the economic center of gravity in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Journal of Nanjing Normal University(Social Science Edition), 1991(3): 35-42.
|
[6] |
魏明孔. 隋唐手工业与我国经济重心的南北易位[J]. 中国经济史研究, 1999(2): 3-5.
Wei Mingkong. The north-south translocation of the handicraft industry of Sui and Tang Dynasties and the economic center of China. Researches in Chinese Economic History, 1999(2): 3-5.
|
[7] |
郑学檬. 中国古代经济重心南移和唐宋江南经济研究[M]. 长沙: 岳麓书社, 2003: 1-24.
Zheng Xuemeng. The south shift of the economic center in ancient China and the study of the economy in the south of the Yangtze River in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Changsha: Yuelu Press: 1-24.
|
[8] |
程民生. 中国北方经济史 以经济重心的转移为主线[M]. 北京: 人民出版社, 2004: 109-572.
Cheng Minsheng. The economic history of northern China: Focusing on the shift of economic center of gravity. Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2004: 109-572.
|
[9] |
李剑农. 中国古代经济史稿 第3卷 宋元明部分[M]. 武汉: 武汉大学出版社, 2005: 5-7.
Li Jiannong. Ancient Chinese Economic History (Vol. 3): Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, 2005: 5-7.
|
[10] |
倪根金. 试论气候变迁对我国古代北方农业经济的影响[J]. 农业考古, 1988(1): 292-299.
Ni Genjin. The influence of climate change on the agricultural economy of the northern part of China in ancient times. Agricultural Archaeology, 1988(1): 292-299.
|
[11] |
费省. 论唐代的人口分布[J]. 中国历史地理论丛, 1988(2): 111-157.
Fei Sheng. On the population distribution in the Tang Dynasty. Journal of Chinese Historical Geography, 1988(2): 111-157.
|
[12] |
彭克明. 我国古代经济重心南移原因析[J]. 安徽史学, 1995(4): 24-25.
Peng Keming. Analysis of the causes of the southward shift of China’s ancient economic center. Historical Research in Anhui, 1995(4): 24-25.
|
[13] |
全汉升. 唐宋帝国与运河[M]. 上海: 商务印书馆, 1944: 3.
Quan Hansheng. Empire of Tang and Song dynasties and canal river. Shanghai: The Commercial Press, 1944: 3.
|
[14] |
王立霞. 论唐宋水利事业与经济重心南移的最终确立[J]. 农业考古, 2011(3): 10-12.
Wang Lixia. On the final establishment of the water conservancy cause and the economic shift of the Tang and Song Dynasties. Agricultural Archaeology, 2011(3): 10-12.
|
[15] |
王大建, 刘德增. 中国经济重心南移原因再探讨[J]. 文史哲, 1999(3): 49-56.
Wang Dajian, Liu Dezeng. Further discussion on the reasons for the southward shift of China’s economic center of gravity. Literature, History, and Philosophy, 1999(3): 49-56.
|
[16] |
韩茂莉. 论北方移民所携农业技术与中国古代经济重心南移[J]. 中国史研究, 2013(4): 117-138.
Han Maoli. On the agricultural technology brought by northern immigrants and the southward movement of ancient Chinese economy. Journal of Chinese Historical Studies, 2013(4): 117-138.
|
[17] |
乔家君, 李小建. 近50年来中国经济重心移动路径分析[J]. 地域研究与开发, 2005(1): 12-16.
Qiao Jiajun, Li Xiaojian. The shift route of Chinese economic gravity center in recent 50 years. Areal Research and Development, 2005(1): 12-16.
|
[18] |
涂建军, 刘莉, 张跃, 等. 1996—2015年我国经济重心的时空演变轨迹——基于291个地级市数据[J]. 经济地理, 2018, 38(2): 18-26.
Tu Jianjun, Liu Li, Zhang Yue et al. Temporal and spatial evolution of China’s economic center of gravity in 1996-2015—Based on the 291 prefecture-level data. Economic Geography, 2018, 38(2): 18-26.
|
[19] |
叶明确. 1978—2008年中国经济重心迁移的特征与影响因素[J]. 经济地理, 2012, 32(4): 12-18.
Ye Mingque. Characteristics and influence factors analysis of gravity movement for Chnia’s econonmy from 1978 to 2008. Economic Geography, 2012, 32(4): 12-18.
|
[20] |
冯宗宪, 黄建山. 1978—2003年中国经济重心与产业重心的动态轨迹及其对比研究[J]. 经济地理, 2006(2): 249-254.
Feng Zongxian, Huang Jianshan. Dynamic variation track and contrastive research of economic gravity centre and industrial gravity centre of China from 1978 to 2003. Economic Geography, 2006(2): 249-254.
|
[21] |
胡焕庸, 张善余. 中国人口地理(上)[M]. 上海: 华东师范大学出版社, 1984: 217-218.
Hu Huanyong, Zhang Shanyu. Population Geography of China (I). Shanghai: East China Normal University Press, 1984: 217-218.
|
[22] |
徐建华, 岳文泽. 近20年来中国人口重心与经济重心的演变及其对比分析[J]. 地理科学, 2001, 21(5): 385-389.
Xu Jianhua, Yue Wenze. Evolvement and comparative analysis of the population center gravity and the economy gravitycenter in recent twenty years in China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2001, 21(5): 385-389.
|
[23] |
廉晓梅. 我国人口重心、就业重心与经济重心空间演变轨迹分析[J]. 人口学刊, 2007(3): 23-28.
Lian Xiaomei. Analysis on the evolvement track of population gravity center employment gravity center and economic gravity center. Population Journal, 2007(3): 23-28.
|
[24] |
樊杰, 陶岸君, 吕晨. 中国经济与人口重心的耦合态势及其对区域发展的影响[J]. 地理科学进展, 2010, 29(1): 87-95.
Fan Jie, Tao Anjun, Lv Chen. The coupling mechanism of the centroids of economic gravity and population gravity and its effect on the regional gap in China. Progress in Geography, 2010, 29(1): 87-95.
|
[25] |
李在军, 管卫华, 柯文前. 中国区域消费与经济、人口重心演变的时间多尺度研究[J]. 经济地理, 2014, 34(1): 7-14.
Li Zaijun, Guan Weihua, Ke Wenqian. The regional gravity evolution of consumption, economy and population based on the multiple time scales in China. Economic Geography, 2014, 34(1): 7-14.
|
[26] |
杨强, 王运动, 李丽, 等. 1952年—2010年中国人口分布与社会经济发展的时空耦合特征分析[J]. 遥感学报, 2016, 20(6): 1424-1434.
Yang Qiang, Wang Yundong, Li Li et al. Temporal-spatial coupling analysis between population change trend and socioeconomic development in China from 1952 to 2010. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2016, 20(6): 1424-1434.
|
[27] |
刘开迪, 杨多贵, 周志田. 中国经济与人口重心的时空演变及产业分解研究[J]. 工业技术经济, 2019, 38(6): 79-88.
Liu Kaidi, Yang Duogui, Zhou Zhitian. A dynamic evolvement procedure of China’s economic and populution gravity centres and three industrial decomposition. Journal of Industrial Technological Economics, 2019, 38(6): 79-88.
|
[28] |
金淑婷, 李博, 杨永春, 等. 中国城市分布特征及其影响因素[J]. 地理研究, 2015, 34(7): 1352-1366.
Jin Shuting, Li Bo, Yang Yongchun et al. The distribution of cities in China and its influencing factors. Geographical Rseaech, 2015, 34(7): 1352-1366.
|
[29] |
胡兆量. 自然资源结构与经济重心的地域迁移[J]. 自然资源学报, 1987, 6(3): 205-212.
Hu Zhaoliang. The location of natural resources and the shifting of economic centres. Journal of Natural Resources, 1987, 6(3): 205-212.
|
[30] |
龚胜生, 陈云. 中国人口疏密区分界线的历史变迁及数学拟合与地理意义[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(10): 2147-2162.
Gong Shengsheng, Chen Yun. The historical change, mathematical fitting and geographical significance of China demographic borderlines. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(10): 2147-2162.
|
[31] |
吴松弟. 南宋人口史[M]. 上海: 上海古籍出版社, 2008: 84.
Wu Songdi . Population history of the Southern Song Dynasty. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House, 2008: 84.
|
[32] |
吴松弟. 中国人口史 第3卷 辽宋金元时期[M]. 上海: 复旦大学出版社, 2000: 162-210, 216-219.
Wu Songdi. Population history of China (Vol. 3): Liao, Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties. Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 2000: 162-210, 216-219.
|
[33] |
周振鹤. 中国行政区划通史[M]. 上海: 复旦大学出版社, 2007.
Zhou Zhenhe. History of China’s administrative districts. Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 2007.
|
[34] |
谭其骧. 中国历史地图集 全8册[M]. 北京: 中国地图出版社, 1996.
Tan Qixiang. Chinese historical atlas (Eight Volumes). Beijing: Sinomap Press, 1996.
|
[35] |
杜秀荣, 唐建军. 中国地图集[M]. 北京: 中国地图出版社, 2016.
Du Xiurong, Tang Jianjun. Atlas of China. Beijing: Sinomap Press, 2016.
|
[36] |
杜瑜, 高明士. 中国经济重心南移: 唐宋间经济发展的地区差异[M]. 台北: 五南图书出版公司, 2005: 203.
Du Yu, Gao Mingshi. The south shift of China’s economic center: Regional differences in economic development between the Tang and Song Dynasties. Taibei: Wu-Nan Book Compang Ltd., 2005: 203.
|
[37] |
葛剑雄, 吴松弟. 中国移民史. 第3卷. 隋唐五代时代[M]. 福州: 福建人民出版社, 1977: 236.
Ge Jianxiong, Wu Songdi. History of Chinese immigration (Vol. 3): Sui, Tang and Five dynasties. Fuzhou: Fujian People’s Publishing House, 1977: 236.
|
[38] |
蓝勇. 中国历史地理[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2010: 232-238.
Lan Yong. Chinese historical geography. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2010: 232-238.
|
[39] |
陈明星, 李扬, 龚颖华, 等. 胡焕庸线两侧的人口分布与城镇化格局趋势——尝试回答李克强总理之问[J]. 地理学报, 2016, 71(2): 179-193.
Chen Mingxing, Li Yang, Gong Yinghua et al. The population distribution and trend of urbanization pattern on two sides of Hu Huanyong population line: A tentative response to Premier Li Keqiang. Acta Geography Sinica, 2016, 71(2): 179-193.
|
[40] |
戚伟, 刘盛和, 赵美风. “胡焕庸线”的稳定性及其两侧人口集疏模式差异[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(4): 551-566.
Qi Wei, Liu Shenghe, Zhao Meifeng. Study on the stability of Hu Line and different spatial patterns of population growth on its both sides. Acta Geography Sinica, 2015, 70(4): 551-566.
|
[41] |
龚胜生. 天人集: 历史地理学论集[M]. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社, 2009: 214-216.
Gong Shengsheng. Studies on Chinese Historical Geography. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 2009: 214-216.
|
[42] |
李剑农. 中国古代经济史稿 第2卷 魏晋南北朝隋唐部分[M]. 武汉: 武汉大学出版社, 2005: 2-3.
Li Jiannong. Ancient Chinese Economic History (Volume 2), Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, 2005: 2-3.
|
[43] |
史念海. 唐代历史地理研究[M]. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社, 1998: 140-141.
Shi Nianhai. Historical Geography of the Tang Dynasty. Beijing: China Social Science Press, 1998: 140-141.
|
[44] |
漆侠. 宋代经济史(上)[M]. 上海: 上海人民出版社, 1987: 70.
Qi Xia. Economic History of the Song Dynasty (I). Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Press, 1987: 70.
|
[45] |
程民生. 宋代地域经济[M]. 开封: 河南大学出版社, 1992: 323-325.
Cheng Minsheng. Regional economy in the Song Dynasty. Kaifeng: Henan University Press, 1992: 323-325.
|
[46] |
何一民. 中国城市史[M]. 武汉: 武汉大学出版社, 2012: 288.
He Yimin. Chinese urban history. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, 2012: 288.
|
[47] |
龚胜生. 长江中游洪灾的历史地理考察[J]. 华中师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2000(4): 485-488.
Gong Shengsheng. A historical geographical inspection on the flood disasters of the middle reach of the Yangtze River. Journal of Central China Normal University (Natural Sciences), 2000(4): 485-488.
|
[48] |
郭蕴静. 清代经济史简编1644—1840[M]. 郑州: 河南人民出版社, 1984: 157.
Guo Yunjing. A brief compilation of the economic history of the Qing Dynasty(1644-1840). Zhengzhou: Henan People’s Press, 1984: 157.
|
[49] |
刘逖. 1600—1840年中国国内生产总值的估算[J]. 经济研究, 2009, 44(10): 144-155.
Liu Ti. Estimation of China’s GDP from 1600 to 1840. Economic Research Journal, 2009, 44(10): 144-155.
|
[50] |
伏霖. 中国长期人均产出变迁的研究(980—1840)[J]. 中国经济史研究, 2016(3): 2
Fu Lin. Research on China’s long-term per capita output change (980-1840). Researches in Chinese Economic History, 2016(3): 2
|
[51] |
Broadberry S, Guan H, Li D D. China, Europe, and the great divergence: A study in historical national accounting, 980–1850[J]. Journal of Economic History, 2018, 78(4): 955-1000.
|
/
〈 |
|
〉 |