中国女性贫困特征与影响因素研究
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袁媛(1976—),女,浙江绍兴人,教授,博导,主要从事城市地理与城市贫困,健康地理与健康社区研究。E-mail: yyuanah@163.com; yuanyuan@mail.sysu.edu.cn |
收稿日期: 2021-12-27
修回日期: 2022-02-22
网络出版日期: 2023-03-20
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41871161)
国家自然科学基金项目(41871161)
广东省自然科学基金(2023A1515010704)
版权
Characteristics and influencing factors of Chinese female poverty
Received date: 2021-12-27
Revised date: 2022-02-22
Online published: 2023-03-20
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41871161)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41871161)
Guangdong Natural Science Foundation(2023A1515010704)
Copyright
后扶贫时代将性别因素引入贫困研究的理论与实践,有利于制定针对贫困女性的脱贫政策。在构建女性贫困分析框架基础上,利用城乡最低保障人口数据和中国综合社会调查数据(CGSS),从空间和个体2个层面分析女性贫困特征,使用二元logistics回归分析方法辨析中国女性贫困的影响因素。研究结果表明:① 中国女性相对贫困深化,呈现地区差异性和空间聚集性;② 女性在多维贫困的广度和深度上都大于男性;③ 陷入多维贫困的女性主要受到就业、人力资本和资产剥夺;④ 中国拥有着独特的女性贫困影响机制,户籍制度、文化思想观念和劳动力市场就业是影响女性贫困的主要方面。期望以此丰富贫困地理和女性地理研究,为提升扶贫质量和制定基于性别的可持续发展政策奠定基础。
袁媛 , 陈哲 , 李紫晴 , 李颉 , 陈曦 . 中国女性贫困特征与影响因素研究[J]. 地理科学, 2023 , 43(3) : 488 -499 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2023.03.011
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of the United Nations sets out the goal of eradicating poverty in all its forms and achieving gender equality around the world. The year of 2020 is the decisive year to resolutely fight against absolute poverty in China. In the post-poverty alleviation era, the introduction of gender factors into the theory and practice of poverty research is conducive to formulating poverty alleviation policies for poor women. This paper reviews the research progress of feminist geography, the research on women's poverty and the research on the influencing factors of women's poverty. Based on feminist geography and poverty research, this paper constructs a research framework on women's poverty in China from two levels. At the macro spatial level, by measuring the incidence of female poverty and the female relative poverty index using the data of urban and rural minimum security population data, this paper depicts the spatial differentiation and evolution characteristics of Chinese female poverty. At the micro individual level, build a multi-dimensional poverty index (MPI) using China Comprehensive Social Survey (CGSS) data, this paper explores the gender difference characteristics of poverty and the multi-dimensional poverty characteristics of women. Based on China's unique economic, political and cultural environment, this paper analyzes the factors affecting women's multidimensional-poverty from the perspectives of gender and region by binary logistic regression analysis. Last not least, poverty reduction policies for women are summarized. Studies have shown that: 1) The relative poverty level of Chinese women has deepened significantly from 2010 to 2017, and there are large differences in different regions. At the same time, the regions with deep poverty levels show clustering characteristics. 2) Women have higher level on the breadth and depth of multi-dimensional poverty compared with men. 3) The incidence of poverty among women is higher than that of men in multiple dimensions. Those women who are struggling in the situation of multi-dimensional poverty are mainly deprived on the aspect of employment, human capital and assets. 4) China has a unique influence mechanism on female poverty. The household registration system, cultural ideology and employment in the labor market are the main aspects that affect women's poverty. This paper aims to enrich the research on poverty geography and women's geography, and lay a foundation for improving the quality of poverty alleviation and formulating gender-based sustainable development policies.
表1 各维度贫困衡量标准及临界值Table 1 Poverty measures and thresholds in each dimension |
| 剥夺维度 | 指标 | 贫困标准及临界值 | 权重 |
| 健康 | 身体健康 | 目前身体状况为“很不健康”或“比较不健康”,赋值1,否则为0 | 1/14 |
| 心理健康 | 过去4周中感到抑郁或沮丧的频繁程度为“总是”或“经常”,赋值1,否则为0 | 1/14 | |
| 就业 | 就业情况 | 未从事任何以获得经济收入为目的的工作(除因为在校学习和离退休外)或工作没有签订劳动合同或工作为非全职工作,赋值1,否则为0 | 1/7 |
| 时间 | 工作时间 | 若工作时间超出120 h/周或空闲时间几乎不或很少进行社交、放松休息和学习充电的,赋值1,否则为0 | 1/7 |
| 人力资本 | 学历情况 | 小学及以下学历赋值1,否则为0 | 1/7 |
| 社会资本 | 社会保障 | 没有参与城市基本医疗保险/新型农村合作医疗保险/公费医疗,赋值1,否则为0 | 1/28 1/28 |
| 没有参与城市/农村基本养老保险,赋值1,否则为0 | |||
| 社会融合 | 与邻居社交娱乐的频繁程度为“一年1次或更少”或“从来不”,赋值1,否则为0 | 1/28 | |
| 与朋友社交娱乐的频繁程度为“一年1次或更少”或“从来不”,赋值1,否则为0 | 1/28 | ||
| 资产收入 | 住房所有权 | 家庭拥有房产少于2间且自己并不拥有住房所有权,赋值1,否则为0 | 1/14 |
| 住房使用权 | 人均住房面积<20 m2,赋值1,否则为0 | 1/14 | |
| 经济收入 | 收入状况 | 家庭人均年收入≤2800 元,赋值1,否则为0 | 1/7 |
表2 女性多维贫困影响因素的回归模型自变量Table 2 Regression model indepent variables of influencing factors of female muti-dimensional poverty |
| 自变量 | 详情 | |
| 地区变量 | 划分为东部、中部、西部 | |
| 个体人口特征 | 性别 | 划分为男性、女性 |
| 年龄 | 连续型数值变量 | |
| 户口类型 | 划分为非农业户口、农业户口 | |
| 婚姻与家庭情况 | 婚姻状况 | 划分为未婚、已婚、离婚和丧偶 |
| 未成年子女数量 | 未满18周岁子女数量 | |
| 子女数量 | 所有子女数量 | |
| 文化与思想观念 | 重男轻女观念 | 通过想生男孩数量与想生女孩的数量相除得出,为连续型数值变量 |
| 性别角色 | 是否认同“男人以事业为重,女人以家庭为重”这一说法 | |
| 婚嫁观念 | 是否同意“女人干得好不如嫁得好”这一说法 | |
| 家务分担 | 是否认同“夫妻应该均等分摊家务”这一观点 | |
| 信息获取 | 互联网使用情况 | 连续型分类变量 |
| 信息获取来源 | 划分为报纸、杂志、广播、电视机、手机定制消息、互联网等 | |
| 劳动力市场参与情况 | 划分为公共部门、国有/集体企业、外资/合资企业、私营企业、社会团体与居/村委会、无单位/自雇、务农、料理家务、离退休、学生、无工作 | |
表3 按性别分贫困剥夺程度与多维贫困指数Table 3 Poverty deprivation by sex and muti-dimensional poverty index |
| k | 全部样本 | 男性样本 | 女性样本 | ||||||||
| H/% | A | MPI | H/% | A | MPI | H/% | A | MPI | |||
| 注:k为贫困临界值,H为贫困发生率,A为贫困剥夺程度,MPI为多维贫困指数;未含港澳台数据。 | |||||||||||
| 1 | 75.53 | 0.3061 | 0.2312 | 70.78 | 0.2827 | 0.2001 | 79.72 | 0.3244 | 0.2586 | ||
| 2 | 41.59 | 0.4042 | 0.1681 | 34.14 | 0.3906 | 0.1334 | 48.16 | 0.4128 | 0.1987 | ||
| 3 | 17.25 | 0.5137 | 0.0886 | 12.52 | 0.5066 | 0.0634 | 21.43 | 0.5174 | 0.1108 | ||
| 4 | 4.92 | 0.6300 | 0.0310 | 2.98 | 0.6305 | 0.0188 | 6.63 | 0.6298 | 0.0418 | ||
| 5 | 0.86 | 0.7492 | 0.0064 | 0.58 | 0.7417 | 0.0043 | 1.10 | 0.7528 | 0.0083 | ||
| 6 | 0.05 | 0.8988 | 0.0005 | 0.02 | 0.8929 | 0.0002 | 0.09 | 0.9000 | 0.0008 | ||
| 7 | 0 | 1.0000 | 0 | 0 | 1.0000 | 0 | 0 | 1.0000 | 0 | ||
表4 按区域分女性贫困剥夺程度与多维贫困指数Table 4 Level of deprivation of women by region and muti-dimensional poverty index |
| k | 东部女性样本 | 中部女性样本 | 西部女性样本 | ||||||||
| H/% | A | MPI | H/% | A | MPI | H/% | A | MPI | |||
| 注:k为贫困临界值,H为贫困发生率,A为贫困剥夺程度,MPI为多维贫困指数;未含港澳台数据。 | |||||||||||
| 1 | 71.26 | 0.2934 | 0.2091 | 84.31 | 0.3370 | 0.2841 | 87.08 | 0.3490 | 0.3039 | ||
| 2 | 36.67 | 0.3970 | 0.1456 | 54.62 | 0.4161 | 0.2273 | 57.84 | 0.4248 | 0.2457 | ||
| 3 | 14.50 | 0.5101 | 0.0740 | 24.99 | 0.5148 | 0.1286 | 27.75 | 0.5270 | 0.1463 | ||
| 4 | 3.94 | 0.6306 | 0.0249 | 7.31 | 0.6296 | 0.0460 | 10.15 | 0.6294 | 0.0639 | ||
| 5 | 0.59 | 0.7474 | 0.0044 | 1.11 | 0.7609 | 0.0085 | 1.92 | 0.7487 | 0.0143 | ||
| 6 | 0.04 | 0.8571 | 0.0004 | 0.15 | 0.9048 | 0.0013 | 0.07 | 0.9286 | 0.0007 | ||
| 7 | 0 | 1.0000 | 0 | 0 | 1.0000 | 0 | 0 | 1.0000 | 0 | ||
表5 个体人口特征与多维贫困回归结果Table 5 Individual population characteristics and multidimensional poverty regression results |
| 自变量 | 模型1 全部样本 | 模型2 男性样本 | 模型3 女性样本 | 模型4 东部地区女性 | 模型5 中部地区女性 | 模型6 西部地区女性 | |||||||||||
| B | Exp(B) | B | Exp (B) | B | Exp (B) | B | Exp (B) | B | Exp (B) | B | Exp(B) | ||||||
| 注:***、**、*分别表示在1%、5%、10%的水平上显著;Exp(B)代表贫困发生比,B为回归系数;空白为无此项;未含港澳台数据。 | |||||||||||||||||
| 地区(参照对象:东部) | |||||||||||||||||
| 中部 | 0.023 | 1.023 | -0.065 | 0.937 | 0.069 | 1.071 | |||||||||||
| 西部 | 0.295*** | 1.343 | 0.299 | 1.348 | 0.289 | 1.335 | |||||||||||
| 女性(参照对象:男性) | 0.600*** | 1.822 | |||||||||||||||
| 年龄 | 0.025*** | 1.025 | 0.020 | 1.020 | 0.028 | 1.028 | 0.022*** | 1.022 | 0.036*** | 1.036 | 0.028*** | 1.028 | |||||
| 农业户口(参照对象: 非农业户口) | 0.523*** | 1.687 | 0.307** | 1.359 | 0.671*** | 1.957 | 0.957*** | 2.605 | 0.561** | 1.753 | 0.432** | 1.541 | |||||
表6 婚姻与家庭状况与多维贫困回归结果Table 6 Marriage and family status and multidimensional poverty regression results |
| 自变量 | 模型1 全部样本 | 模型2 男性样本 | 模型3 女性样本 | 模型4 东部地区女性 | 模型5 中部地区女性 | 模型6 西部地区女性 | |||||||||||
| B | Exp(B) | B | Exp (B) | B | Exp (B) | B | Exp (B) | B | Exp (B) | B | Exp(B) | ||||||
| 注:***、**、*分别表示在1%、5%、10%的水平上显著,Exp(B)代表贫困发生比,B为回归系数;未含港澳台数据。 | |||||||||||||||||
| 婚姻状况 (参照对象:未婚) | |||||||||||||||||
| 已婚 | -0.734*** | 0.480 | -0.828*** | 0.437 | -0.460* | 0.631 | -1.22*** | 0.295 | -0.393 | 0.675 | 1.840** | 6.299 | |||||
| 离婚 | -0.350 | 0.705 | -0.579* | 0.560 | 0.017 | 1.017 | 0.189 | 1.208 | -0.278 | 0.758 | 1.269 | 3.558 | |||||
| 丧偶 | -0.728*** | 0.483 | -0.595** | 0.552 | -0.544* | 0.580 | -0.709 | 0.492 | -0.545 | 0.580 | 1.177 | 3.245 | |||||
| 子女情况 | 0.066*** | 1.068 | -0.029 | 0.972 | 0.129*** | 1.138 | 0.190*** | 1.209 | 0.090* | 1.095 | 0.095 | 1.100 | |||||
| 未成年子女情况 | 0.196*** | 1.217 | 0.307*** | 1.359 | 0.130** | 1.139 | 0.154 | 1.166 | 0.123 | 1.131 | 0.214* | 1.238 | |||||
表7 文化与思想观念与多维贫困回归结果Table 7 Culture, ideas and multi-dimensional poverty regression results |
| 自变量 | 模型1 全部样本 | 模型2 男性样本 | 模型3 女性样本 | 模型4 东部地区女性 | 模型5 中部地区女性 | 模型6 西部地区女性 | |||||||||||
| B | Exp(B) | B | Exp (B) | B | Exp (B) | B | Exp (B) | B | Exp (B) | B | Exp(B) | ||||||
| 注:***、**、*分别表示在1%、5%、10%的水平上显著,Exp(B)代表贫困发生比,B为回归系数;未含港澳台数据。 | |||||||||||||||||
| 重男轻女观念 | 0.260*** | 1.297 | 0.326*** | 1.385 | 0.219** | 1.245 | 0.527*** | 1.693 | 0.148 | 1.159 | -0.015 | 0.985 | |||||
| 性别角色观念 | 0.081*** | 1.085 | 0.022 | 1.023 | 0.114*** | 1.121 | 0.101 | 1.106 | 0.017 | 1.017 | 0.271*** | 1.311 | |||||
| 婚嫁观念 | 0.077*** | 1.080 | 0.106** | 1.112 | 0.056 | 1.058 | 0.030 | 1.030 | 0.157*** | 1.170 | -0.085 | 0.918 | |||||
| 家务分担观念 | -0.052* | 0.950 | -0.045 | 0.956 | -0.049 | 0.952 | -0.056 | 0.946 | -0.006 | 0.994 | -0.114 | 0.892 | |||||
表8 信息获取与多维贫困回归结果Table 8 Information acquisition and multidimensional poverty regression results |
| 自变量 | 模型1 全部样本 | 模型2 男性样本 | 模型3 女性样本 | 模型4 东部地区女性 | 模型5 中部地区女性 | 模型6 西部地区女性 | |||||||||||
| B | Exp(B) | B | Exp (B) | B | Exp (B) | B | Exp (B) | B | Exp (B) | B | Exp(B) | ||||||
| 注:***、**、*分别表示在1%、5%、10%的水平上显著,Exp(B)代表贫困发生比,B为回归系数;未含港澳台数据。 | |||||||||||||||||
| 互联网使用情况 | -0.465*** | 0.628 | -.444*** | 0.642 | -0.467*** | 0.627 | -0.428*** | 0.652 | -0.439*** | 0.645 | -0.563*** | 0.569 | |||||
| 信息来源 (参照对象:互联网) | |||||||||||||||||
| 报纸 | 0.642 | 1.900 | -18.457 | 0.000 | 2.300 | 9.978 | 1.450 | 4.262 | 2.846 | 17.222 | 1.069 | 2.912 | |||||
| 杂志 | 1.189*** | 3.284 | 0.933** | 2.541 | 2.258*** | 9.559 | 1.924** | 6.850 | 2.332* | 10.303 | 20.403 | 7.263E8 | |||||
| 广播 | 0.560** | 1.751 | 0.230 | 1.258 | 1.607** | 4.989 | 1.396* | 4.039 | 1.573 | 4.822 | 19.602 | 3.258E8 | |||||
| 电视机 | 0.979** | 2.662 | 0.978* | 2.660 | 1.847** | 6.338 | 0.341 | 1.406 | 2.510* | 12.303 | 21.334 | 1.842E9 | |||||
| 手机定制消息 | 0.813*** | 2.255 | 0.411 | 1.508 | 1.899*** | 6.678 | 1.459* | 4.300 | 1.918 | 6.810 | 20.127 | 5.510E8 | |||||
表9 劳动力市场参与多维贫困回归结果Table 9 Labor market participation multi-dimensional poverty regression results |
| 自变量 | 模型1 全部样本 | 模型2 男性样本 | 模型3 女性样本 | 模型4 东部地区女性 | 模型5 中部地区女性 | 模型6 西部地区女性 | |||||||||||
| B | Exp(B) | B | Exp (B) | B | Exp (B) | B | Exp (B) | B | Exp (B) | B | Exp(B) | ||||||
| 注:***、**、*分别表示在1%、5%、10%的水平上显著,Exp(B)代表贫困发生比,B为回归系数;空白为无此项;未含港澳台数据。 | |||||||||||||||||
| 劳动力市场 参与情况 (参照对象:无工作) | |||||||||||||||||
| 公共部门 | -2.11*** | 0.121 | -2.535*** | 0.079 | -1.821*** | 0.162 | -1.806*** | 0.164 | -1.749*** | 0.174 | -2.298*** | 0.100 | |||||
| 国有/集体企业 | -1.84*** | 0.158 | -3.324*** | 0.036 | -1.060*** | 0.346 | -1.231** | 0.292 | -1.095* | 0.334 | 0.462 | 1.587 | |||||
| 外资/合资企业 | -1.88** | 0.153 | -19.477 | 0.000 | -1.175 | 0.309 | -0.807 | 0.446 | -19.971 | 0.000 | |||||||
| 私营企业 | -1.50*** | 0.222 | -1.614*** | 0.199 | -1.445*** | 0.236 | -1.391*** | 0.249 | -1.418*** | 0.242 | -1.619*** | 0.198 | |||||
| 社会团体、居/村委会 | -0.87*** | 0.416 | -0.709 | 0.492 | -1.116*** | 0.328 | -0.802 | 0.448 | -20.518 | 0.000 | -0.514 | 0.598 | |||||
| 无单位/自雇 | -0.53*** | 0.585 | -0.685*** | 0.504 | -0.435*** | 0.647 | -0.051 | 0.951 | -0.818*** | 0.441 | -0.443 | 0.642 | |||||
| 务农 | -1.64*** | 0.194 | -1.790*** | 0.167 | -1.544*** | 0.214 | -1.173*** | 0.309 | -1.736*** | 0.176 | -1.601*** | 0.202 | |||||
| 料理家务 | -0.68*** | 0.502 | -0.522** | 0.594 | -0.656*** | 0.519 | -0.560** | 0.571 | -0.780*** | 0.458 | -0.572** | 0.565 | |||||
| 离退休 | -2.98*** | 0.051 | -2.942*** | 0.053 | -3.015*** | 0.049 | -2.925*** | 0.054 | -3.211*** | 0.040 | -2.743*** | 0.064 | |||||
| 学生 | -2.64*** | 0.071 | -3.091*** | 0.045 | -2.185*** | 0.113 | -1.949* | 0.142 | -19.312 | 0.000 | 0.103 | 1.109 | |||||
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