中国城市资源空间错配:特征测度与时空演进
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程开明(1975—),男,湖北广水人,教授,博导,主要从事城市与区域经济、空间统计研究。E-mail: chengkaim@163.com |
收稿日期: 2022-01-28
修回日期: 2022-10-02
网络出版日期: 2023-04-20
基金资助
国家社会科学基金重大项目(20&ZD133)
版权
Resource spatial misallocation of cities in China: Characteristic measurement and spatio-temporal evolution
Received date: 2022-01-28
Revised date: 2022-10-02
Online published: 2023-04-20
Supported by
National Social Science Foundation of China(20&ZD133)
Copyright
基于拓展的三要素空间一般均衡模型,测度2003―2018年中国地级以上城市资本、劳动力和土地资源空间错配程度,通过时空核密度和综合协调指数解析城市资源空间错配的集聚模式及协调度,以准确反映城市资源空间错配程度及时空演变规律。研究发现:① 样本期内不同资源的城市空间错配程度变动趋势差异明显。城市资本和劳动力空间错配持续改善,但土地空间错配先缓解后加剧,行政力量阻碍资源市场化流动是加剧土地错配的重要因素。② 3种资源在城市间的空间集聚模式具有明显差异。城市资本和土地资源的空间配置具有强烈的区域偏向性和共聚性,相邻城市资源配置呈现高–高、低–低型正向集聚模式;户籍壁垒和非均等化公共服务阻碍城市劳动力自由流动,使得相邻城市劳动力配置呈现出高–低型负向集聚模式。③ 相邻城市在资本市场化改革和土地政策调整方面具有一致性,但城市之间劳动力错配的协调度呈恶化趋势;东北地区要素市场化改革协同性最低。研究结论为完善要素市场化配置体制机制、明晰城市层面资源配置的演化路径和优化策略提供了参考。
程开明 , 于静涵 . 中国城市资源空间错配:特征测度与时空演进[J]. 地理科学, 2023 , 43(4) : 617 -628 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2023.04.005
Since the reform and opening up, China has gradually formed a more sound commodity market, but the reform of factor market allocation has lagged behind relatively. The markets for capital, labor, land and other factors of production are still not perfect, and the problem of resource allocation significantly affects the transformation of China's productive forces and production relations. Due to the significant differences in resource endowments in different regions and the restrictions on the free flow of factors by administrative barriers, the cost of factor flow and access to regions is high and resources cannot flow smoothly to advantageous locations. This leads to uneven resource allocation between regions and spatial misallocation of resources. The spatial misallocation of resources not only triggers competition for regional resources, intensifies local protectionism, and leads to more serious structural imbalances such as industrial structure convergence, duplication of major facilities construction and excessive market competition in various regions, but also aggravates problems such as urban traffic congestion, housing tension and environmental pollution due to unbalanced resource allocation. Therefore, a comprehensive and in-depth exploration of the characteristics of resource misallocation in China and its spatial and temporal evolution pattern is of great theoretical and practical significance for the government to re-examine the characteristics of factor mismatch, clarify the direction of optimising resource allocation and promote factor market-oriented reforms. To accurately reflect the spatial mismatch degree and spatial-temporal evolution law of city resources, this paper measures the mismatch degree of capital, labor, and land resources in cities at the prefecture level and above in China from 2003 to 2018 based on the extended three-factor spatial general equilibrium model. We use spatio-temporal kernel density and comprehensive coordination index to analyze the changing trend of city resources spatial mismatch, spatial agglomeration pattern, and the coordination degree of factor marketization reform. The results show that: 1) The variation trend of city spatial mismatch degree of different resources is different. The misallocation of capital and labor space continues to improve, but the misallocation of land space first alleviates and then intensifies. The administrative force hindering the market flow of resources is an important factor aggravating the land misallocation. 2) The spatial agglomeration patterns of the three resources among cities are different. The spatial allocation of city capital and land resources has strong regional bias and convergence, and the resource allocation of neighboring cities shows a high-high, low-low positive agglomeration pattern. However, household registration barriers and unequal public services hinder the free flow of city labor, making it difficult to achieve a balanced allocation of labor resources between cities, and the labor resources in neighboring cities show a high-low negative agglomeration pattern. 3) Neighboring cities have consistency in capital market reform and land policy adjustment. However, the coordination degree of labor mismatch between cities is worsening. Northeast China has the lowest degree of synergy in factor marketization reform. The research conclusion of this paper provides a reference for improving the mechanism of market-oriented allocation of factors and clarifying the evolution path and optimization strategy of resource allocation at the city level.
表1 中国不同地区城市资源空间错配指数Table 1 City resource space misallocation index in different regions of China |
| 类型 | 年份 | 东北 地区 | 东部地区 | 西部地区 | 中部地区 | ||||||
| 东部沿海 | 北部沿海 | 南部沿海 | 西北 | 西南 | 长江中游 | 黄河中游 | |||||
| 注:不含港澳台数据。 | |||||||||||
| 资本 错配 指数 | 2003 | 0.763 | 1.250 | 1.069 | 0.827 | 1.471 | 0.908 | 0.882 | 1.032 | ||
| 2010 | 0.748 | 1.263 | 1.073 | 0.814 | 1.599 | 0.953 | 0.913 | 0.996 | |||
| 2014 | 0.762 | 1.294 | 1.083 | 0.825 | 1.556 | 0.913 | 0.897 | 0.993 | |||
| 2018 | 0.844 | 1.261 | 1.087 | 0.816 | 1.591 | 0.900 | 0.884 | 1.023 | |||
| 劳动力 错配 指数 | 2003 | 1.720 | 0.666 | 0.843 | 0.936 | 1.455 | 1.272 | 1.393 | 1.473 | ||
| 2010 | 1.354 | 0.965 | 0.792 | 1.080 | 1.319 | 1.106 | 1.278 | 1.143 | |||
| 2014 | 0.994 | 1.101 | 0.792 | 1.018 | 1.400 | 1.040 | 1.196 | 1.071 | |||
| 2018 | 0.936 | 1.094 | 0.660 | 1.178 | 1.297 | 1.042 | 1.182 | 1.111 | |||
| 土地 错配 指数 | 2003 | 1.872 | 0.773 | 0.785 | 0.894 | 2.278 | 1.152 | 1.291 | 1.139 | ||
| 2010 | 1.551 | 0.838 | 0.772 | 0.972 | 2.249 | 1.099 | 1.243 | 1.066 | |||
| 2014 | 1.483 | 0.856 | 0.821 | 1.072 | 2.263 | 1.131 | 1.141 | 0.998 | |||
| 2018 | 1.546 | 0.809 | 0.841 | 1.388 | 2.450 | 1.233 | 1.078 | 1.027 | |||
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