国际经济地理学四大学派的特点及交叉
李小建(1954—),男,河南孟津人,教授,博导,国际欧亚科学院院士,主要研究方向为经济地理学。E-mail: xjli@henu.edu.cn |
收稿日期: 2022-11-10
修回日期: 2023-01-05
录用日期: 2023-02-27
网络出版日期: 2023-05-20
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41971223)
黄河文明省部共建协同创新中心/黄河文明与可持续发展研究中心重大项目(2020M18)
版权
Intersections and key features of the four major schools in the international Economic Geography
Received date: 2022-11-10
Revised date: 2023-01-05
Accepted date: 2023-02-27
Online published: 2023-05-20
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41971223)
Project of Collaborative Innovation Center of Yellow River Civilization(2020M18)
Copyright
基于理论著作和其他文献,分析经济地理学家提出并具有较大影响的政治经济地理、制度经济地理学、演化经济地理学和关系经济地理学四大学派的特点和交叉,认为:政治经济地理与制度经济地理学在制度研究上有交叉;政治经济地理与演化经济地理学都重视“过程”或“演化”研究;政治经济地理与关系经济地理学在人与组织关系上有共同之处;关系经济地理学与演化经济地理学共同注重路径依赖;演化经济地理学强调制度与经济演化的关系,关系经济地理学关注制度与经济互动的关系,它们与制度经济地理学形成交错。各学派的核心特征为:政治经济地理聚焦政治经济(生产关系)的地理过程,制度经济地理学研究特定地域制度塑造或制约经济行为及经济结果,演化经济地理学关注企业等经济主体的空间演化,关系经济地理学注重形成经济景观的各相关因素的关联作用。这些学派弥补了经济地理学规范分析的一些不足,同时在普遍规律研究上有明显缺陷。中国经济地理学理论建设在鼓励学术观点争鸣的同时,应注意兼顾现象的特殊性和理论的一般性。
李小建 . 国际经济地理学四大学派的特点及交叉[J]. 地理科学, 2023 , 43(5) : 816 -827 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2023.05.006
By examining the relevant monographs and other literature in the field, we analyze the research characteristics and theoretical intersections of four major schools of Economic Geography in the international academics: Geographical Political Economy (GPE), Institutional Economic Geography (IEG), Evolutionary Economic Geography (EEG), and Relational Economic Geography (REG), being proposed and embraced by Economic Geographers. We conclude that there are many similarities among those schools in a common context. GPE and IEG intersect in the study of institutions; PEG and EEG both emphasize the study of "process" or "evolution"; and GPE and REG share commonalities in the relationship between people and organizations. REG and EEG share a common focus on path dependence; EEG emphasizes the relationship between institutions and economic evolution, while REG focuses on the relationship between institutions and economic interaction, and they cross with IEG. The core features of each school are: GPE focuses on the geographic process of political economy (production relations), IEG examines specific institutions at each place that shape or constrain economic behavior and economic outcomes, EEG focuses on the spatial evolution of economic actors such as firms and industrial clusters, and REG focuses on the interrelated role of various factors that shape the economic landscape. These schools of thought make up for some of the shortcomings of the normative analysis of Economic Geography, while forming a deficiency in the study of universal laws. Theoretical construction of Chinese Economic Geography should pay attention to the balance between the specificity of economic phenomena and the generality of theories while encouraging academic views to contend.
表1 选定经济地理学4个流派的依据Table 1 Reasons for selecting the four schools of Economic Geography |
经典(权威)文献评述 | 权威出版社出版的专门著作 |
来源:作者查阅文献整理。 | |
《新牛津经济地理手册》[16](2018年)中第2篇理论概念基础:包括第8章政治经济地理绪论(作者:E Sheppand,加州大学洛杉矶分校教授),第9章经济地理学的关系研究设计(作者:H Bathelt,加拿大多伦多大学教授),第11章演化经济地理学(作者:R Boschma,荷兰乌特勒支大学教授),第12章,制度、地理和经济生活(作者:M S Gertler,多伦多大学校长、教授) | (1)《资本的限度》(英文1982年,中译本2017年)[17]是政治经济地理的经典著作;《经济地理学导论:全球化、不平衡发展与地方》(第3版,2019年)[3]强调政治经济与地理结合,研究生产、分配、交换和消费中的空间结构 (2)《经济地理学:制度视角》(第2版,2016年)[18]强调通过制度、市场和技术在地方和空间中的相互作用来理解经济地理(见第1章) (3)《经济地理学:经济关系视角》(第4版,2018年)[19]从经济关系角度分析经济地理学研究特点和内容 (4)《演化经济地理学手册》(英文2010年,中译本2016年)[20]融合演化经济学与经济地理学的基本观点,从历史角度研究经济活动空间分布的渐进演化过程 |
《经济地理学导论:全球化、不平衡发展与地方》[3](2019年第3版)第1篇为基础,其中第2章为经济地理学理论视角,在表2.2和表2.4中分别论述了经济地理学研究的7种视角:空间分析、新经济地理学、政治经济地理、文化经济地理、制度经济地理学、演化经济地理学、关系经济地理学 |
表2 经济地理学4个学派的比较分析Table 2 Comparative analysis of the four schools of Economic Geography |
政治经济地理 Geographical Political Economy | 制度经济地理学 Institutional Economic Geography | 演化经济地理学 Evolutional Economic Geography | 关系经济地理学 Relational Economic Geography | |
注:据MacKinnon等[3],并参考文献[12,16,18-19,30]综合而成;表中学派提出时间为该名称在出版物中正式出现的时间,在这之前学者也进行了很多探索并有相关成果发表。 | ||||
学派提出时间 | 2011年Sheppard[21] | 2000年Martin[36] | 2002年Boschma等[12] | 2003年Bathelt等[50] |
支撑理论 | 政治经济学、地理学 | 制度经济学、地理学 | 演化经济学、地理学 | 经济社会学、管理学、政治经济学、地理学 |
经济观点 | 经济由生产关系构成,经济行为追求营利和竞争 | 正式和非正式制度在经济行动中十分重要 | 经济活动和关系的历史演化,受创新驱动及路径依赖影响 | 嵌入更广泛的社会和经济关系中的经济活动 |
地理焦点 | 资本主义政治经济地理过程 | 制度背景下的区域经济差异 | 经济景观的演变、城市与区域的适应性及演变 | 更广泛的关系网络背景下场所和区位的经济活动 |
主要研究问题 | 城市化进程;全球及国内区域不平等现象;经济增长与地理环境关系;资本主义空间经济的转移性和替代性 | 经济发展的制度基础;地域嵌入;知识地理;市场、企业等制度安排的空间影响;劳资关系的地理意义 | 企业、企业集群的空间演化、区域经济的演变;路径依赖和锁定;路径分支 | 从企业等行动者研究区域经济;注重空间视角下经济关系结构和变化;产业集群形成的关系视角 |
研究哲学及方法 | 主张辩证唯物主义;根据政治经济学理论对经济机理解读,以定性分析为主 | 主张制度主义,拒绝理论人、效用最大化和均衡假设;强调案例研究(采访、调查、文件资料分析) | 基于自然和社会演化主义;定量和定性分析结合,假设有限理性,引入模型分析 | 基于制度主义、后结构主义;以定性和案例研究为主,近期提出通过理论化形成解释的“可转移性”[44] |
共同性 | 拒绝空间经济分析中完全理性、效用最大化和均衡条件的假设,考虑政治、社会、文化等要素以及动态演化,追求符合现实情况的经济空间解释和经济与地理环境关系的解释 |
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