清代贵州地区水旱灾害序列重建及其时空格局演变
向俊丞(1994—),男,湖南怀化人,博士研究生,主要从事环境史与西南区域社会史研究。E-mail: hzsdxjc@foxmail.com |
收稿日期: 2021-12-05
修回日期: 2022-04-11
网络出版日期: 2023-05-20
基金资助
中央高校基本科研业务费(优博培育项目)(2022YBZZ002)
中央高校基本科研业务费(创新资助项目)(30106220378)
广东省农业科学院”十四五”农业优势产业学科团队项目(202123TD)
版权
Sequence reconstruction and temporal and spatial pattern evolution of flood and drought disasters in Guizhou in the Qing Dynasty
Received date: 2021-12-05
Revised date: 2022-04-11
Online published: 2023-05-20
Supported by
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University (Cultivating Excellent Doctoral Thesis Projects)(2022YBZZ002)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University (Funding Innovation Project)(30106220378)
The Project of the Discipline team of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences in the '14th Five Year Plan' Agricultural Advantageous Industries(202123TD)
Copyright
依据历史文献资料,运用数理统计和空间分析方法等探究清代贵州地区水旱灾害的时空分布演化规律。结果显示:① 清代贵州地区发生水旱灾害共计1 416次,轻、中、重度3个等级分别占总频次的24.71%、46.75%和28.53%;② 清代贵州地区共经历过17世纪50年代、19世纪10年代和90年代3个干旱期;水旱多发于夏季,跨季节灾害以跨春夏秋冬四季的旱灾为主;③ 在府域尺度上,遵义府(今遵义市)水旱灾害频次最高,松桃厅(今松桃县)最低;水灾分布较广泛,旱灾分布较集中,水灾频次和旱灾频次呈正相关;④ 依据平均旱涝指数,衡量相对干湿程度;旱区呈点状分布且面积逐渐缩小,涝区面积逐渐扩大;⑤ 清代贵州水旱灾害分布受气候因素、人口格局和社会环境等多重因素影响;干冷气候是水旱灾害的催化剂,其他自然灾害是水旱灾害的诱发器;水旱灾害集中在人口密度高的坝子和水陆交通沿线;不合理的农业政策、畸形的种植结构、失效的荒政制度加剧了受灾程度。
向俊丞 , 杨浩 . 清代贵州地区水旱灾害序列重建及其时空格局演变[J]. 地理科学, 2023 , 43(5) : 910 -921 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2023.05.015
Quantitative reconstruction of the time-space disaster sequence on the provincial scale in historical era helped to keep better understand the environmental mechanism of the disaster. Based on the historical document data, the geographical regularity of flood and drought disasters in Qing Dynasty of Guizhou Region has been discussed by adopting the mathematical statistics and the spatial analysis. The results show that: 1) There were 1416 times of flood and drought disasters in the Qing Dynasty of this region. The slight, moderate and severe disasters accounted for 24.712%, 46.75% and 28.53%. 2) In all years of the Qing Dynasty, there were three extreme dry period in the 1650s, the 1910s and the 1990s. The prevalence of flood and drought disaster seemed more frequently in summer, the disasters of season span were more frequently from spring to winner. 3) On the prefecture scale, The frequency of floods and droughts in Zuiyi was the highest, in Songtao was the lowest. The flood disaster was much widely distributed than the drought disaster at the scale. The frequency of flood disaster had a positive relation with the frequency of drought disaster. 4) According to the average of Palmer Drought Severity index, the relative humidity was measured. The dry areas were distributed in spots in the province-wide, while, progressively narrow. The humid areas were progressively extend. 5) The temporal and spatial pattern was restricted by multiple factors such as climate, population pattern and social environment. Dry-cold climate was the catalyst of flood and drought disasters, and natural disaster was the inducing force. Flood and drought disasters are concentrated in dam with high population density and along land and water transportation. The disaster-affected degree had been exacerbated by unreasonable agriculture policy, unbalanced planting structure and useless relief system.
表1 清代贵州自然灾害等级划分Table 1 The classification of the flood and drought disasters in Guizhou in Qing Dynasty |
等级 | 受灾程度 | 灾情描述 | 频次/次 | 比例/% |
1级 | 轻度 | ① 灾害发生范围较小,持续时间较短,未有明确的人员、财产损失记载。例如,“九月,大水”“桐梓大旱”等 ② 灾情爆发初期较为严重,因赈济及时未有发生严重的人员伤亡和财产损失,记为轻度。例如,“夏大旱,卫侯王工百元设坛城隍。曝于烈日中,不移时,黑云满空,大雨弥日,乡城尽获沾足,岁竟有秋”等 | 350 | 24.71 |
2级 | 中度 | ① 灾害发生范围较广,持续时间相对较长,有财产损失和物价波动的记录,未见人员伤亡记录。例如“山土崩裂,大水淹禾”“八、九、十三阅月大雨”等 ② 伴有次生灾害,但未造成财产损失和人员伤亡的灾情,记为“中度”。例如“大旱,定番饥”等 | 662 | 46.75 |
3级 | 重度 | 灾害发生范围极广,持续时间长,出现严重财产损失和人员伤亡,并伴有次生灾害。例如“旱。大饥,毙者枕藉于道。”“城内死者二百余人,次年乙酉是灾复作。” “死人无算”等 | 404 | 28.53 |
表2 清代贵州府域水旱灾害指标Table 2 The indicators of flood and drought disasters from the perspective of the prefecture in Guizhou in Qing Dynasty |
府州厅 单位 | 国土面积/ 万km2 | 受灾年 数/a | 受灾县 数/个 | 累计受灾 县数/个 | 灾害频 度/% | 受灾密度/ (县/万km2) | 季发 率/% | 水灾广 度/% |
遵义府 | 1.89 | 87 | 6 | 352 | 32.46 | 3.17 | 43.28 | 100 |
贵阳府 | 1.77 | 46 | 8 | 183 | 17.16 | 4.52 | 25.75 | 100 |
平越州 | 0.63 | 50 | 4 | 123 | 18.66 | 5.8 | 20.15 | 100 |
镇远府 | 1.17 | 64 | 6 | 138 | 23.88 | 5.12 | 19.68 | 100 |
安顺府 | 1.29 | 39 | 7 | 104 | 14.55 | 5.43 | 17.07 | 100 |
兴义府 | 1.43 | 42 | 6 | 104 | 15.67 | 4.2 | 15.58 | 100 |
都匀府 | 1.53 | 41 | 8 | 76 | 15.3 | 5.23 | 14.83 | 87.5 |
思南府 | 1.23 | 57 | 3 | 81 | 21.26 | 2.44 | 10.26 | 100 |
黎平府 | 1.11 | 21 | 4 | 66 | 7.84 | 3.6 | 9.98 | 100 |
大定府 | 1.71 | 57 | 6 | 99 | 21.26 | 3.51 | 7.74 | 100 |
思州府 | 0.27 | 29 | 3 | 37 | 10.82 | 11.11 | 5.13 | 100 |
石阡府 | 0.09 | 15 | 2 | 18 | 5.58 | 2.22 | 3.35 | 50 |
铜仁府 | 0.3 | 19 | 2 | 20 | 7.09 | 6.67 | 2.89 | 100 |
松桃厅 | 0.24 | 13 | 1 | 14 | 4.86 | 4.17 | 2.15 | 100 |
贵州 | 15.74 | 199 | 66 | 1416 | 74.25 | 4.19 | 38.99 | 96.88 |
表3 清代贵州各主要流域水旱灾害频次Table 3 The frequency of the flood and drought disasters at the various crucial drainage basin in Guizhou in Qing Dynasty |
流域 | 水灾总频次/次 | 各县水灾平均频次/次 | 旱灾总频次/次 | 各县旱灾平均频次/次 |
赤水河 | 59 | 29.5 | 35 | 17.5 |
乌江 | 78 | 15.6 | 51 | 10.2 |
㵲阳河 | 72 | 14.2 | 36 | 7.2 |
北盘江 | 18 | 9.0 | 22 | 11.0 |
清水江 | 30 | 6.0 | 34 | 6.8 |
都柳江 | 14 | 4.6 | 26 | 8.7 |
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