全球数字贸易网络结构演化及影响因素分析
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马菁(1999—),女,湖北孝感人,硕士,主要从事贸易网络、创新网络研究。E-mail: 51203902032@stu.ecnu.edu.cn |
收稿日期: 2023-01-18
修回日期: 2023-04-27
网络出版日期: 2024-04-08
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目资助(42130510)
版权
Spatial evolution characteristics and influencing factors of global digital trade network
Received date: 2023-01-18
Revised date: 2023-04-27
Online published: 2024-04-08
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42130510)
Copyright
世界经济正处在新旧动能的转换期,数字贸易成为当前经济结构转型的典型特征。本文利用OECD数据库中2008—2019年的贸易数据,筛选出6类数字化程度高的行业,从网络结构和影响因素两方面探究了全球数字贸易结构的演化态势。研究发现:① 全球数字贸易格局空间分布不均衡,主要的贸易节点和贸易联系都分布在西半球和北半球,“美日欧”作为全球数字经济与数字贸易的引领者,在全球数字贸易网络中占据着重要的地位;② 不同行业数字贸易网络的结构和紧密程度有一定差异,但除金融服务的贸易网络为多中心结构外,其他行业的贸易网络均呈现以美国为核心的单中心结构,中国在6类行业的数字贸易网络中均处于外围位置。③ 信息通信技术、对外开放水平、互联网普及程度、相同收入水平、共同货币、共同语言及区域贸易协定均对促进双边贸易流量的提升有积极作用,接壤关系仅在早期有利于贸易流量的提升,宗教文化对数字贸易并无显著影响,而地理距离对开展数字贸易仍具有显著的抑制作用,打破了“距离已死”的说法。本研究旨在探讨全球数字贸易发展的空间分布及演化,以期增强中国在全球数字贸易网络的辐射能力,寻求竞争优势。
马菁 , 曾刚 , 孙康 . 全球数字贸易网络结构演化及影响因素分析[J]. 地理科学, 2024 , 44(3) : 439 -450 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.20211451
The global economy is undergoing a transition between old and new drivers, with digital trade being a typical characteristic of the current economic structural transformation. In the process of the vigorous development of the digital economy, the field of digital trade has shown strong competitiveness. Compared with traditional trade, it has stronger resilience and can withstand the downward pressure of the global economy. This study utilizes trade data from the OECD database spanning 2008 to 2019, selecting 6 highly digitized industries, to explore the evolution of the global digital trade from both network structure and influencing factors perspectives. The study found that: 1) The spatial distribution of global digital trade is uneven, with major trade nodes and connections concentrated in the Western and Northern Hemispheres. “USA, Japan, and Europe” as leaders in the global digital economy and digital trade play crucial roles in the global digital trade network. 2) Different industries exhibit varying structure and density in digital trade networks. Except for the financial services trade network, which is a polycentric structure, trade networks of other industries are all single-center structures with the United States as the core. China occupies a peripheral position in the digital trade networks of the 6 industries. 3) Information and communication technology, openness level, internet penetration, income levels, currency, language, and regional trade agreements all contribute to the enhancement of bilateral trade flows. Bordering relationship is favorable for boosting trade flows only in the early stages, and religious culture has no significant impact on digital trade. Geographical distance still significantly inhibits digital trade, challenging the notion that “distance is dead”. This study aims to explore the spatial distribution and evolution of global digital trade, in order to enhance China’s radiative capacity in the global digital trade network and seek competitive advantages.
表1 自变量含义、预期效应与理论说明Table 1 Meaning of independent variable, expected effect and theoretical explanation |
| 变量名 | 含义 | 预期符号 | 理论说明 |
| GDPi(j) | 进口(出口)国国内生产总值 | + | 反映了一国的进口需求(出口供给)能力,经济规模总量越大,潜在的进口(出口)能力越大,进而双边的贸易流量也越大 |
| Distij | 进口国和出口国的地理距离 | 不确定 | 数字贸易不受运输成本的限制,但也有研究表明地理距离也会通过影响两国之间的社会文化距离对贸易产生影响[14-16] |
| ECOij | 虚拟变量,表示进口国和出口国是否处于同一收入水平 | 不确定 | 需求相似偏好理论认为,收入水平越接近消费偏好越相似,贸易潜力越大[23],但数字贸易并非传统的有形商品贸易,互补性的需求而非相似需求通常也可能对贸易流量产生影响 |
| Contingij | 虚拟变量,表示进口国和出口国是否接壤 | 不确定 | 当贸易双方接壤时,可以节约交易成本,从而促进货物贸易流量的提升,但边界变量对数字贸易流量的影响尚不明确[24] |
| RTAij | 进口国和出口国t年共同参与的区域贸易协定的数量 | + | 当两国共同参与某个贸易协定时,由于优惠贸易安排,双边贸易流量将会上升[25],开放数据限制的条款、隐私保护条款及促进贸易便利化等条款的签订还能直接促进数字贸易流量的提升[26] |
| curij | 虚拟变量,表示进口国和出口国是否使用同一货币 | + | 两国之间使用共同货币,能避免浮动汇率对贸易的消极影响,促进贸易合作,也利于减少两国之间的贸易摩擦,降低贸易壁垒[27] |
| langij | 虚拟变量,表示进口国和出口国是否使用同一语言 | + | 共同官方语言的使用能降低沟通障碍,为贸易信息获取提供便利,促进双边贸易额的提升[28] |
| religij | 虚拟变量,表示进口国与出口国宗教邻近指数 | 不确定 | 宗教相同的国家其因文化差异导致的冲突较少,文化认同感强,贸易关系较容易建立,但宗教文化对数字贸易的影响尚不明确 |
| ICTi(j) | 进口(出口)国t年ICT产业专利申请数 | + | 信息通信技术可以降低市场情报的成本,如市场调查、客户概况实况调查、营销和推广以及建立分销网络等,从而促进贸易关系的建立,提升贸易流量[11] |
| Interneti(j) | 进口(出口)国t年每100名居民的互联网使用人数 | + | 互联网的使用能够有效提高沟通效率,节省交易成本,为中小企业参与国际贸易提供机会,且是一国数字贸易的基础设施水平的重要体现,互联网普及率越高,数字贸易流量越大[29] |
| FDIi(j) | 进口(出口)国t年外国直接投资存量 | + | 对外直接投资具有贸易创造效应,能通过国际劳动分工促进产业内贸易[30],且能表征一国对外开放程度,一国对外开放程度越高,对外贸易往往越发达 |
表2 贸易引力模型回归结果Table 2 Trade gravity model regression results |
| 变量 | 变量含义 | 模型1 | 模型2 | 模型3 |
| lnWij | lnWij | lnWij | ||
| 注:***、*分别为P<0.01、P<0.1;括号内为稳健标准误。 | ||||
| lnGDPi | 进口国经济规模 | 0.59*** (0.047) | 0.606*** (0.058) | 0.530*** (0.055) |
| lnGDPj | 出口国经济规模 | 0.56*** (0.047) | 0.386*** (0.057) | 0.441*** (0.054) |
| lnDistij | 地理距离 | –0.44*** (0.040) | –0.640*** (0.041) | –0.799*** (0.043) |
| ECOij | 同一收入水平 | 0.313*** (0.096) | 0.425*** (0.097) | 0.334*** (0.099) |
| Contingij | 接壤关系 | 0.001*** (0.051) | 0.421 (0.114) | 0.151 (0.150) |
| RTAij | 区域贸易协定 | 0.343 (0.05) | 0.281 (0.055) | 0.343*** (0.050) |
| curij | 共同货币 | 0.389*** (0.11) | 0.326*** (0.114) | 0.402*** (0.128) |
| langij | 共同语言 | 1.349*** (0.124) | 1.078*** (0.127) | 1.254*** (0.161) |
| religij | 宗教文化 | 0.197 (0.132) | 0.499 (0.153) | 0.290 (0.160) |
| ICTi | 进口国通信技术 | 0.016 (0.025) | 0.06* (0.036) | 0.114*** (0.034) |
| ICTj | 出口国通信技术 | 0.011 (0.025) | 0.148*** (0.037) | 0.245*** (0.035) |
| Interneti | 进口国互联网普及程度 | 0.021*** (0.002) | 0.03*** (0.003) | 0.023*** (0.003) |
| Internetj | 出口国互联网普及程度 | 0.028*** (0.002) | 0.034*** (0.003) | 0.023*** (0.003) |
| FDIi | 进口国对外开放水平 | 0.098*** (0.029) | 0.147*** (0.033) | 0.204*** (0.047) |
| FDIj | 出口国对外开放水平 | 0.19*** (0.029) | 0.279*** (0.032) | 0.129*** (0.047) |
| Constant | 常数项 | –24.248*** (1.318) | –25.86*** (1.625) | –21.794*** (1.749) |
| R2 | 拟合优度 | 0.604 | 0.635 | 0.678 |
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