基于水适应性的山地型传统村落空间形态及景观模式研究——以湘西保靖县为例
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谢谦(1988—),男,湖南长沙人,讲师,博士,主要从事传统村落可持续发展研究。E-mail:814473954@qq.com |
收稿日期: 2024-11-30
修回日期: 2025-03-30
网络出版日期: 2025-09-25
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(42301277)
国家自然科学基金项目(42471277)
教育部人文社会科学项目(22YJC850014)
教育部人文社会科学项目(23YJE850001)
湖南省自然科学基金项目资助(2023JJ4007)
版权
Spatial morphological characteristics and landscape mode of mountainous traditional village from perspective of water adaptability: Taking Baojing County, Xiangxi as an Example
Received date: 2024-11-30
Revised date: 2025-03-30
Online published: 2025-09-25
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42301277)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42471277)
Humanities and Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education(22YJC850014)
Humanities and Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education(23YJE850001)
Natural Science Foundation of Hunan(2023JJ4007)
Copyright
中国传统村落数量众多,大部分集中分布在山地、丘陵地带,是农耕文化与生态文化的有机融合。为了探究与水共生的生态智慧,以山地型传统村落为研究对象,运用空间分析、形态量化、景观图示等方法,建立传统村落水适应性空间形态及景观模式研究框架,并以湘西保靖县为例,进一步梳理传统村落与水环境交互适应的组织结构及景观差异,构建由空间分布、形态格局、景观模式等组成的内容体系。研究发现:①保靖县传统村落大都遵循了“择水而居,负阴抱阳”的选址原则,兼顾取水、用水与防洪安全;②在复杂的水环境影响下,保靖县传统村落形成了带状、团状、指状等多种形态格局,水适应性特征差异也十分明显;③以山间平坝、河谷坡地、山腰台地为典型地貌,归纳得出保靖县传统村落应对旱涝威胁的3种水适应性景观模式:“林−村−田−河”的平坝景观模式,“林−园−村−河”的坡地景观模式,“林−村−田−塘”的台地景观模式。可见,水适应性山地型传统村落空间建设提现了沿水而居的选址理念,因地制宜的空间形态,抗洪防旱的景观模式。
谢谦 , 杨立国 , 裴习君 , 龚文静 . 基于水适应性的山地型传统村落空间形态及景观模式研究——以湘西保靖县为例[J]. 地理科学, 2025 , 45(9) : 2068 -2080 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.20250003
There are numerous traditional villages in China. Most of them are concentrated in mountainous and hilly areas, which are the organic integration of agricultural and ecological culture. During the formation and development of village, cherishing water resources has always been the core idea of adapting and changing the environment. Based on the traditional ecological thoughts, spatial planning concepts, and landscape adaptability theories, the water adaptive research framework of spatial morphological characteristics and landscape mode in the mountainous tradintional villages can be constructed by the methods such as spatial analysis, morphological quantification and landscape visualization. Taking Baojing County in Xiangxi as an example, the differences of water adaptability in villages can be sorted out, including spatial distribution, morphological pattern and landscape pattern. The result shows that: 1) Traditional villages are usually located in relatively low altitude river valleys, exhibiting obvious characteristics such as living by water, facing the sun, and building on gentle slopes. They are not only convenient for water use, but also effective in flood control and drainage, water and soil conservation, which reflects the wisdom of site selection for harmonious coexistence between humans and water. 2) Under the influence of complex water environmental factors, traditional villages can be classified into 3 typical spatial forms: belt shaped, cluster shaped, and finger shaped. With the development of the economy and society, the village space structure exhibits distinct differentiation characteristics. For example, the villages of belt shaped are usually crossed by a small river, and the development relies on cultivated land economy. The villages of cluster shaped are usually built in the river bay area, and the development relies on forestry economy. The villages of finger shaped are usually far from the river but adjacent to ponds, and the development relies on terrace economy. 3) Based on typical topography, 3 water adaptive landscape models can be summarized to deal with drought and flood, such as “forest-village-farmland-river” in flat area of mountains, “forest-orchard-village-river” on the hillside, “forest-village-farmland-pond” on the mountain plateau.
表1 2024年湘西保靖县传统村落形状指数筛分Table 1 Classification of shape index in traditional village of Baojing County, Xiangxi in 2024 |
| 类型 | 村名 | 长轴/m | 短轴/m | 长宽比 | 类型 | 村名 | 面积/m2 | 周长/m | 形状指数 | |
| 团状倾向村落 | 魏家寨村 | 374 | 366 | | 规则村落 | 魏家寨村 | | | | |
| 波溪村 | 667 | 541 | | 夯沙村 | | | | |||
| 沙湾村 | 441 | 233 | | 沙湾村 | | 929 | | |||
| 孔坪村 | 505 | 473 | | 亨章村 | | | | |||
| 国茶村 | 491 | 457 | | 梯子村 | | 1827 | | |||
| 白合村 | 601 | 503 | | 巴科村 | | | | |||
| 丰宏村 | 731 | 570 | | 金落河村 | | | | |||
| 新民村 | 438 | 332 | | 新印村 | | | | |||
| 白云山村 | 418 | 290 | | 首八峒村 | | | | |||
| 陇木村 | 584 | 367 | | 磋比村 | | 1828 | | |||
| 米溪村 | 264 | 196 | | 指状村落 | 孔坪村 | | | | ||
| 带状倾向村落 | 亨章村 | 632 | 278 | | 国茶村 | | 1801 | | ||
| 梯子村 | 706 | 297 | | 白合村 | | | | |||
| 巴科村 | 549 | 223 | | 米溪村 | | 993 | | |||
| 金落河村 | 716 | 268 | | 波溪村 | | | | |||
| 新印村 | 446 | 117 | | 丰宏村 | | | | |||
| 首八峒村 | | 243 | | 新民村 | | | | |||
| 吕洞村 | | 659 | | 白云山村 | | | | |||
| 陡滩村 | 654 | 262 | | 陇木村 | | 2043 | | |||
| 磋比村 | 753 | 146 | | 木芽村 | | | | |||
| 夯沙村 | 858 | 393 | | 傍海村 | | | | |||
| 黄金村 | 616 | 229 | | 吕洞村 | | | | |||
| 阿扎河村 | 431 | 160 | | 黄金村 | | | | |||
| 夯吉村 | | 558 | | 阿扎河村 | | | | |||
| 傍海村 | | 472 | | 夯吉村 | | | | |||
| 木芽村 | 963 | 455 | | 陡滩村 | | 1826 | |
表2 2024年湘西保靖县传统村落边界形态分类Table 2 Classification of boundary form in traditional village of Baojing County, Xiangxi in 2024 |
| λ值 | S值 | 村落类型 | 村落实例 |
| 注:λ为边界长宽比,S为形状指数。 | |||
| λ<2 | S<1.5 | 团状村落 | 魏家寨村、沙湾村 |
| S≥1.5 | 团状倾向的指状村落 | 国茶村、孔坪村、白合村、米溪村、波溪村、丰宏村、新民村、白云山村、陇木村 | |
| λ≥2 | S<1.5 | 带状村落 | 夯沙村、梯子村、巴科村、金落河村、新印村、首八峒村、磋比村、亨章村 |
| S≥1.5 | 带状倾向的指状村落 | 吕洞村、黄金村、阿扎河村、夯吉村、傍海村、木芽村、陡滩村 | |
表3 2024年湘西保靖县传统村落空间形态的水适应性特征Table 3 Spatial morphological characteristics of traditional village in water adaptation of Baojing County, Xiangxi in 2024 |
| 村落类型 | 带状村落 | 团状村落 | 指状村落(团状倾向) | 指状村落(带状倾向) |
| 注:图中蓝色部分是河流水体;灰色线条是山体;灰色方块是房屋;黑色是道路,粗线条为主路,细线条为支路。 | ||||
| 典型案例示意图 | 夯沙村 | 魏家寨村 | 国茶村 | 吕洞村 |
| 空间形态 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
| 水适应性特征 | 沿水而建、农田绕宅、 田水相依 | 坐山而居、林地庇村、 林水相依 | 村居绕塘、宅高田低、 山地梯田 | 据山傍水、宅田并置、 山地梯田 |
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