北方农牧交错区乡村人地系统脆弱性演变机制与发展策略——以内蒙古达尔罕茂明安联合旗为例
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李文龙(1986—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,博士,教授,博导,主要从事农村牧区现代化、生态经济研究。E-mail: nmgliwenlong@126.com |
收稿日期: 2024-12-01
网络出版日期: 2025-12-15
基金资助
内蒙古社会科学联合会重点项目(2025DK01)
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFE0113800)
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFE0111300)
内蒙古教育厅基金项目(STAQZX202322)
版权
Evolution mechanism and development of rural human-land system vulnerability in agro-pastoral ecotone of North China
Received date: 2024-12-01
Online published: 2025-12-15
Supported by
Key Project of Social Science Federation of Inner Mongolia(2025DK01)
National Key R&D Program Projects(2024YFE0113800)
National Key R&D Program Projects(2023YFE0111300)
Foundation of Education Department of Inner Mongolia(STAQZX202322)
Copyright
社会–生态系统脆弱性强调系统承受多重扰动冲击与通过社会经济与生态环境协调发展从而适应冲击能力的综合评估,为综合分析不确定条件下人类社会的可持续发展奠定基础。本研究将社会–生态系统脆弱性理论框架引入农牧复合型乡村人地系统多重扰动效应评估中,在明晰农牧复合型乡村人地系统脆弱性内涵的基础上,从压力程度、敏感状态和响应能力3个维度建立受多重扰动的系统评估体系,选取中国北方农牧交错区内蒙古达尔罕茂明安联合旗乡村为案例区,基于1990—2022年达茂旗乡村社会经济发展数据、气象数据、遥感影像解译数据,运用熵值法、变异系数法与障碍度模型对受多重扰动的乡村人地系统脆弱性演变过程、影响因素及作用路径进行总结。研究表明:①农牧复合型乡村人地系统对多重扰动的脆弱性出现急速下降、缓慢上升、缓慢下降的变化特征,脆弱性由高到低排序为:农业乡村、畜牧业乡村、旅游乡村、综合性乡村;②30 a来脆弱性差异度呈现小幅度增高、大幅度降低的波动式循环发展特征,农业乡村脆弱性低幅度变化,畜牧业乡村脆弱性变异幅度随纬度提高而降低,旅游与综合型乡村脆弱性高幅度变化;③脆弱性变化主要影响因素是农牧民人均收入、人均耕地面积、人均牲畜头数、年降水量,不同乡村脆弱性主要影响因素存在显著差异;④农牧复合型乡村人地系统的多重扰动源于气候暖干化与生态工程实施,系统状态深受多重扰动后其结构与功能变化的制约,系统响应变化主要受乡村社会、经济、生态发展方式与农牧户生计影响。最后从乡村经济、社会、管理、环境层面提出降低系统脆弱性的对策建议。
李文龙 , 徐芮 , 侯梦晨 , 林海英 . 北方农牧交错区乡村人地系统脆弱性演变机制与发展策略——以内蒙古达尔罕茂明安联合旗为例[J]. 地理科学, 2025 , 45(11) : 2481 -2494 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.20240692
Social ecosystem vulnerability emphasizes the comprehensive evaluation of the system’s ability to withstand multiple disturbance shocks and adapt to shocks through the coordinated development of social economy and ecological environment, which lays the foundation for the comprehensive analysis of the sustainable development of human society under uncertain conditions. In this study, the theoretical framework of social ecosystem vulnerability is introduced into the evaluation of multiple disturbance effects of man land system in agricultural and animal husbandry complex rural areas. On the basis of clarifying the connotation of vulnerability of man land system in agricultural and animal husbandry complex rural areas, an evaluation system for multiple disturbance of the system is established from the 3 dimensions of pressure degree, sensitive state and response ability. Based on the rural socio-economic development data, meteorological data and remote sensing image interpretation data of Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner from 1990 to 2020, entropy method, coefficient of variation method and obstacle model are used to summarize the vulnerability evolution process, influencing factors and action path of rural human land system facing multiple disturbances. The results show that: 1) the vulnerability of agricultural and animal husbandry complex rural man-land system to multiple disturbances shows the characteristics of rapid decline, slow rise and slow decline. The order of vulnerability from high to low is: agricultural countryside, animal husbandry countryside, tourism countryside and comprehensive countryside; 2) In the past 30 years, the vulnerability difference has shown the characteristics of fluctuating circular development with small increase and large decrease. The vulnerability of agricultural and rural areas has changed in a low range, the vulnerability variation of animal husbandry and rural areas has decreased with the increase of latitude, and the vulnerability of tourism and comprehensive rural areas has changed in a high range; 3) The main influencing factors of vulnerability change are per capita income of farmers and herdsmen, per capita cultivated land area, per capita number of livestock and annual precipitation. There are significant differences in the main influencing factors of vulnerability in different villages; 4) The multiple disturbances of farming pastoral complex rural man land system come from climate warming and drying and the implementation of ecological engineering. The system state is restricted by the changes of its structure and function after multiple disturbances. The change of system response is mainly affected by rural social, economic and ecological development mode and the livelihood of farmers and herdsmen. Finally, it puts forward countermeasures and suggestions to reduce system vulnerability from the aspects of rural economy, society, management and environment.
表1 农牧交错区乡村人地关系地域系统脆弱性评价指标体系Table 1 Index of rural human-land relationship regional system in farming-pastoral ecotone |
| 准则层 | 指标因素 | 指标权重 | 指标性质 | 指标含义 |
| 压力 | 年降水量E1 | 0.100 | − | 系统受干旱扰动程度 |
| 年平均温度E2 | 0.030 | + | 系统受干旱扰动程度 | |
| 城镇用地占比E3 | 0.118 | + | 系统受城镇化活动扰动程度 | |
| 土地荒漠化指数E4 | 0.089 | + | 表征系统内部生态环境压力 | |
| 状态 | 水资源费支出S1 | 0.098 | + | 系统中社会经济敏感性状态 |
| 粮食产量S2 | 0.108 | + | 系统中农牧业敏感性状态 | |
| 出售牲畜数量S3 | 0.080 | + | 系统中农牧业敏感性状态 | |
| 植被覆盖度S4 | 0.044 | − | 系统中生态环境敏感性状态 | |
| 响应 | 有效灌溉面积A1 | 0.032 | − | 系统中农牧业适应能力 |
| 人均耕地面积A2 | 0.025 | − | 系统中农牧业适应能力 | |
| 人均牲畜头数A3 | 0.040 | − | 系统中农牧业适应能力 | |
| 农牧业人均机械总动力A4 | 0.035 | − | 系统中社会经济适应能力 | |
| 农牧民人均收入A5 | 0.108 | − | 系统中社会经济适应能力 | |
| 造林面积A6 | 0.026 | − | 系统中生态环境适应能力 | |
| 生态服务价值A7 | 0.067 | − | 系统中生态环境适应能力 |
表2 1990—2022 年内蒙古达尔罕茂明安联合旗乡镇脆弱性指数Table 2 Township vulnerability index in Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner of Inner Mongolia in 1990—2022 |
| 乡镇名称 | 1990年 | 1996年 | 2002年 | 2008年 | 2014年 | 2022年 |
| 百灵庙镇 | 0.176 | 0.084 | 0.110 | 0.181 | 0.111 | 0.121 |
| 乌克忽洞镇 | 0.257 | 0.225 | 0.176 | 0.313 | 0.198 | 0.204 |
| 石宝镇 | 0.257 | 0.170 | 0.198 | 0.263 | 0.203 | 0.103 |
| 希拉穆仁镇 | 0.172 | 0.090 | 0.119 | 0.203 | 0.122 | 0.111 |
| 达尔罕苏木 | 0.206 | 0.105 | 0.148 | 0.231 | 0.233 | 0.129 |
| 明安镇 | 0.210 | 0.100 | 0.144 | 0.210 | 0.162 | 0.141 |
| 巴音花镇 | 0.216 | 0.132 | 0.185 | 0.262 | 0.218 | 0.188 |
| 满都拉镇 | 0.236 | 0.153 | 0.186 | 0.263 | 0.165 | 0.136 |
| 平均值 | 0.216 | 0.132 | 0.158 | 0.241 | 0.177 | 0.142 |
表3 1990—2022年内蒙古达尔罕茂明安联合旗脆弱性及维度差异度Table 3 Difference in vulnerability and its dimensional indices in Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner of Inner Mongolia in 1990—2022 |
| 年份 | 压力差 异度 | 状态差 异度 | 响应差 异度 | 脆弱性 差异度 |
| 1990 | 0.770 | 0.490 | 1.807 | 0.411 |
| 1996 | 0.864 | 0.553 | 0.312 | 0.602 |
| 2002 | 1.373 | 0.364 | 1.07 | 0.284 |
| 2008 | 1.181 | 0.195 | 3.290 | 0.381 |
| 2014 | 1.560 | 0.333 | 0.870 | 0.396 |
| 2022 | 1.664 | 0.310 | 0.280 | 0.353 |
表4 1990—2022年内蒙古达尔罕茂明安联合旗乡村压力、状态、响应及脆弱性差异度Table 4 Rural pressure, state, response and vulnerability in Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner of Inner Mongolia in 1990—2022 |
| 乡镇 名称 | 压力差 异度 | 状态差 异度 | 响应差 异度 | 脆弱性 差异度 |
| 百灵庙镇 | 0.694 | 0.153 | 0.195 | 0.347 |
| 乌克忽洞镇 | 0.153 | 0.374 | 0.663 | 0.397 |
| 石宝镇 | 0.148 | 0.413 | 0.644 | 0.402 |
| 希拉穆仁镇 | 0.497 | 0.098 | 0.368 | 0.321 |
| 达尔罕苏木 | 0.418 | 0.239 | 0.371 | 0.343 |
| 明安镇 | 0.632 | 0.114 | 0.348 | 0.365 |
| 巴音花镇 | 0.321 | 0.163 | 0.376 | 0.287 |
| 满都拉镇 | 0.272 | 0.082 | 0.454 | 0.269 |
表5 1990—2022年内蒙古达尔罕茂明安联合旗乡村人地系统指标层因子贡献度指数Table 5 Contribution index of factor at indicator layer for rural human-land system in Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner of Inner Mongolia in 1990—2022 |
| 年份 | 指标层因子贡献度排序 | |||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
| 1990 | 人均耕地面积 | 农牧业机械总动力 | 年降水量 | 人均牲畜头数 | 出售牲畜数量 | 农牧民人均收入 |
| 1996 | 粮食产量 | 人均牲畜头数 | 农牧民人均收入 | 年降水量 | 水资源费用支出 | 人均耕地面积 |
| 2002 | 人均牲畜头数 | 人均耕地面积 | 年降水量 | 农牧民人均收入 | 有效灌溉面积 | 水资源费用支出 |
| 2008 | 人均耕地面积 | 植被覆盖度 | 人均牲畜头数 | 农牧民人均收入 | 年降水量 | 出售牲畜数量 |
| 2014 | 人均耕地面积 | 农牧民人均收入 | 人均牲畜头数 | 出售牲畜数量 | 年降水量 | 水资源费用支出 |
| 2022 | 农牧民人均收入 | 人均牲畜头数 | 植被覆盖度 | 年降水量 | 人均耕地面积 | 粮食产量 |
表6 1990—2022 年内蒙古达尔罕茂明安联合旗各产业主导类型乡村人地系统脆弱性时空演变主导因子Table 6 Dominant factors of spatiotemporal evolution of vulnerability in rural human-land systems with different industry-dominated types in Dalian Kuomintang United Banner of Inner Mongolia in 1990—2022 |
| 乡村类型 | 指标层因子障碍度排序 | ||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
| 农业型 | 粮食产量 | 年降水量 | 人均牲畜头数 | 植被覆盖度 | 农牧民人均收入 |
| 畜牧业型 | 人均牲畜头数 | 农牧民人均收入 | 农牧业机械总动力 | 水资源支出费用 | 出售牲畜数量 |
| 旅游业型 | 农牧民人均收入 | 年降水量 | 水资源费用支出 | 农牧业机械总动力 | 植被覆盖度 |
| 综合型 | 植被覆盖度 | 水资源费用支出 | 农牧业机械总动力 | 农牧民人均收入 | 有效灌溉面积 |
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