湿地是地球上具有重要环境功能的生态系统和多种生物的栖息地之一。湿地环境由湿地水文、湿地生物地球化学循环与生物对湿地的适应和改造构成。各种因子之间相互依赖、相互协同,构建起湿地的整体功能。湿地在全球环境变化中的地位,主要表现在湿地环境自身健康水平和湿地在全球环境长期变化中的作用。一个未受异常自然和人类活动扰动的湿地环境,因其生物种属的多样性、结构的复杂性、功能的整合性和抵抗外力的稳定性,而处于较好的健康状态。当外力扰动超过湿地环境的修复能力时,湿地环境的健康状态就会恶化,功能发生退化,进而对区域或全球环境产生影响。
Wetland is one of ecosystems with important environmental functions and habitats for various biota on the earth. It is composed of hydrology, biogeochemical cycling and adaptation and improvement of biota for it. The interaction among those factors creates the entire function of wetlands. The role of wetlands in global environment is mainly found in the two aspects amongst health of wetlands themselves and function of wetlands in global environmental change. A wetland without being disturbed by unusual natural and human activities is in health statue since its diverse species, complex structure, function integration and stability of resisting disturbance. If disturbance is beyond the repairing ability of wetland environment, the health of wetland will be deteriorated, function of wetlands will be degenerated, consequently, will affect local and global environment. Wetland environmental change is sensitive to the responses of global environmental change and effect of global change to the wetland environment, especially human community activities on wetland. Global environment will inevitably affect wetland ecosystem and local environment, conversely, wetland ecosystem and local environment problem probably turn into global environment prblem.

通过研究长江流域经济的持续快速健康发展、上中下游的协调发展、产业结构的优化和产业政策的实施、外向型经济发展、基础产业和基础设施的发展与合理布局、大中小城市协调发展和城乡一体化、自然资源的合理开发利用、生态环境的治理与保护,分析了长江流域持续发展的基本态势、存在的主要问题,并提出对策。
By studying the sustainable, fast and healthy economic development in the Changjiang River valley, harmonious development in the upper, middle and lower reaches, the adjustment of industrial structures and the implementation of favorable industrial policies, development of export-oriented economy, the development and rational layout of fundamental industries and infrastructures, harmonious development among cities of large, middle and small scales, urban and rural unification, rational exploritation and utilization of natural resources, the harnessing and protection of eco-environment, this paper analyzes the main tendency of sustainable development in the Changjiang River valley, the existing problems and the countermeasures.

海面变化研究是具重要理论和实践意义的地学研究领域。全球性气候变化、海面升降和环境变迁的预测等研究,引起国际学术界和各国政府部门高度重视,成为国际地圈-生物圈计划(IGBP)的重要研究课题。利用GIS软件Arc/Info 建立中国第四纪海面变化信息系统,对中国第四纪海面变化进行动态模拟、趋势预测和应用分析,并利用计算机屏幕、图形终端、笔式绘图仪、静电绘图仪和打印机对中国第四纪海岸古环境进行再造和演示。
It is important to study sea level changes in theory and practice. With the rapid progress in remote sensing and computer technology, the development of GIS has been deepening and spreading. More and more practical GIS have been constructed. But little research has been conducted on how to use the technology of GIS which is a useful toolbox for the sea level changes. With the help of advanced GIS’s applied software ARC/INFO, and by using varied data, this report has build up a Sea level Change Geographical Information System and the application model of the sea level changes in Chinese shelf region in Quaternary since 18000 a B.P.. The application model not only resumes and demonstrates the ancient environment of Chinese shelf region in Quaternary but also supplies the fundamental data and analytical service of Chinese sea level changes. All results shall be resumed and demonstrated by using various compute output device.

采用第三产业普查资料,深入分析了改革开放以来广州信息密集服务业的发展水平、空间发展特征和原因及其对城市地域结构的影响,揭示了信息密集服务业发展与城市地域运动的关系。
This paper, based on the general survey data of the tertiary sector, focused on the development of the information intensive services and their impacts on the urban spatial structure of Guangzhou since the middle of 1980s. The development levels of information intensive services, including the general and internal levels, were initially analysed, which showed that the information intensive services of Guangzhou had higher development level than those of Guangdong Province and the whole country, and contributed greatly to the rapid development of the whole services. Then, the attention was turned to the analysis of the spatial development characteristics and reasons of information intensive services. Three characteristics were identified: the information intensive services had a multi cluster spatial pattern, there existed some dominant trades in the neighborhoods with relatively developed information intensive services, and the development centre of the information intensive services shifted obviously northwards. Many factors influenced the formation of the current spatial pattern of information intensive services, including historical, policy, economic, urban planning and construction factors and so on, but policy could be ranked the most important factor. Thirdly, the impacts of the development of information intensive services on the spatial structure of the city was examined. The results showed that the development of the information intensive services caused 1)the spatial replacement of urban function areas, 2)the upgrading and change of CBD functions and morphology, and the appearance of twin centre urban spatial structure, and 3)formation of the new growth core of the city with the development of technopole in Guangzhou. Finally a conclusion was drawn.

根据黄河洛口站、长江武汉站和珠江高要站1980 到1989 年的水文、水化学资料,分别计算中国3 条主要河流下游控制站80 年代营养元素氮、磷平均含量,比较氮、磷含量的季节变化规律,并探讨影响它们含量变化的主要因素。
The mean concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the three major rivers of China during the 1980s in the monitoring stations were calculated according to the hydrological and water-quality data of the Luokou Station of the Yellow River, the Wuhan Station of the Yangtze River and the Gaoyao Station of the Pearl River from 1980 to 1989. Seasonal variations of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of the rivers are discussed,and their relationships with hydrological regimes are reported as well.

土壤质量是土壤特性的综合反映,是揭示人类活动影响下的土壤动态变化的最敏感的指标。建立土壤质量变化评价模式,计算三江平原地区主要耕作土壤表层土(耕作层)的土壤质量矩阵,利用主要耕作土壤表层土的土壤质量指数的变化来定量地分析三江平原地区大面积开荒后土壤质量的变化趋势。结果表明,大面积开荒后主要耕作土壤的表层土的土壤质量指数均呈下降趋势,土壤发生了明显的退化。最后还探讨了这一变化趋势的形成原因。
Soil quality comprehensively reflects soil properties and is the most sensitive indicator mirroring dynamic changes of soil condition under the influences of human activities. It is very important for the prevention of soil degradation and the sustainable utilization of soil resources to research the changes of soil quality under the influences of the human activities. The Sanjiang Plain has been built into an important foodstuff base since large area reclamation in 1949. But due to lacking of environmental protection awareness and blindly pursuing economic benefit in the earlier reclamation processes, the soil environment of this area degrades, which will influence the sustainable development of agriculture. This paper establishes soil quality change evaluation model to calculate the soil quality matrixes of the top soils(cultivated layer soil)of the main cultivated soils in the Sanjiang Plain. The Changjing trend of soil quality after large area redamation in the Sanjiang Plain are quantitatively evaluated through analyzing the changes of soil quality indexes of the top soils of the main cultivated soils. Results show the quality indexes of the top soils of the main cultivated soils decrease after large area reclamation. Moreover, with the increment of the cultivation years the indexes decrease more. In the end, the forming reasons of this changing trends is simply discussed.

网状河流近年来受到较多关注,无论从沉积特征还是从地貌及水力学特征看,网状河流都是一种典型的河型,但目前对网状河流的认识还存在一定的局限性。从沉积特征、地貌及沉积微环境特征及形成条件等方面对网状河流进行了系统的论述和总结。
Anastomosing fluvial river is attached great importance by researcher only in resent years because anastomosed channel sandstone is a type of fine reservoirs of petroleum and natural gas and its flood plains and interchannel wetlands are fine places where coal is formed. The anastomosing river is typical in all sedimentary characteristics, geomorphology and hydrology, but the understanding on anastomosing fluvial systems is limited. In this paper some basic characteristics and controlling factors of anastomosing fluvial systems are summarized systematically.

从地球表面水量平衡、热量平衡两个基本方程出发,通过对其中一系列变量在三峡建库前后变化的分析,推导库周地区辐射平衡R_g、蒸发量E、年径流量f 等重要水热因素将会发生的变化,从而可对整个库区环境的演变窥豹一斑。
This thesis started from equations of discharge and heat balance on earth surface, and discussed changes of the whole hydrothermal condition in the reservoir area after the Three Gorge Project being built through analysis of a series of variables. The preliminary estimates show that the surface radiation balance in the area along the reservoir will have a increase of 4.2%-6.7%, namely 8.0-12.6?10³J/cm²·a, and the surface evaporation capality will also rise by 2.2%-3.9%,namely 12-21 mm/a. But the surface runoff in the reservoir area tend to descend about 8%-10%, mean 45-55 mm/a. In addition, the latent heat exchange and the turbulent heat exchange between earth surface and atmosphere will increase in different extents. The above mentioned conclusion has momentous significance to understand eco-environmental evolution in reservoir area.

湿地景观生态制图分类系统的研究是景观制图的关键。以三江平原为研究区域,在研究湿地景观生态制图分类原则的基础上,系统地分析了引起该区域景观分异的主导因素。得出人文因素、水文因素、地貌和植被因素为其主导因素。从而建立了一套完整的景观生态制图分类系统:第一级按人类活动影响程度划分为:自然湿地景观、半自然湿地景观、人工湿地景观; 第二级按地貌划分为: 河漫滩、阶地、湖滨、洼地、谷地; 第三级对沼泽湿地植被25 种类型进行模糊聚类归并,得出不同比例尺的地图制图景观类型。河流作为重要湿地类型分为永久性河流和沼泽性河流两类。该分类系统的建立能为三江平原湿地在景观制图、景观格局研究及景观规划建设等方面提供良好服务。
A study on the classification of wetland landscape ecosystem is the key of landscape mapping. The fundamental rules of wetland landscape mapping classification system were studied first. The main factors which cause difference between landscape ecosystems were further detailed analyzed, and the conclusion is that the main factors are human activities, hydrology, geomorphology and vegetation. Finally, each category of the classification system is that: 1)the extent of human activities as the first class: natural wetland landscape, half natural wetland landscape and artificial wetland landscape; 2)geomorphology as the second class: flood land, depression, valley and terrace; 3)marsh wetland vegetation as the third class, which amalgamated with the way of indistinct assemble classification. Rivers as important wetlands were divided into two types: permanent river and marsh river. The classification system can give good service for landscape patterns, function, ecological planning and reconstruction of wetland in the Sanjiang Plain.

针对市场导向的旅游开发战略与旅游地规划设计的整合问题,从游憩角度探讨解决这一问题的方法和技术,论文分析了游憩需求与游憩活动、设施和环境之间的相互关系,认为旅游地是由游憩活动、设施和环境及其支持系统组成,旅游地规划的中心内容是游憩规划,游憩活动地域组合具有4 种类型、3 种模式。
This paper tries to find out the methods and techniques about the integrated problem between the strategy of tourism development directed by market and planning of tourism resort from the aspect of recreation. The paper analyses the relations among recreation demands, recreation activities, facilities and their environment, and has the conclusions that a tourist resort consists of recreation activities, facilities, environment and their supporting system, the key of tourism resort planning is recreation planning. The combination of recreation activities has four types, and the general forms of their spatial layout have three models.

以遥感和地理信息系统(GIS)技术研究了黄河口1986 年5 月至1996 年10 月淤积与侵蚀面积的变化及其空间动态。结果显示:黄河口1990 年1 月以前以淤积为主,而1990 年1 月以后则以侵蚀为主,河口向渤海推进的速率也呈明显降低的趋势。侵蚀主要发生于河口北部和西南部,淤积的主要部位是河口嘴部及其南部。
The dynamic change of siltation and erosion from May 1986 to October 1996 of the Yellow River mouth was studied supported by remote sensing and GIS. The results are as follows: 1. The current trend of the Yellow River mouth is that siltation tends to decrease and erosion tends to increase. Before January 1990 it increased by 24.9 km² per year and it decreased by 2.40km² per year after then. The northern and southwestern parts of the Yellow River mouth are main positions of erosion and the southern and mouth part are main positions of siltation. Also, the advancing rate of river mouth getting into the sea is decreasing obviously. 2. The area of the Yellow River mouth does not continuously increase as we studied before. Attention should be paid to the erosion of this region. 3. The reason of siltation decreasing and erosion increasing is the decreasing of water and sediment in the Yellow River, which caused by increasing use of the Yellow River water as well as the water and soil conservation in the upper reaches. In addition, the climatic change is one of the reasons, too.

讨论了荒漠化的概念和内涵、评价指标体系及发生机制等问题。认为联合国《防治荒漠化公约》中的荒漠化定义揭示了各类型荒漠化的共同本质,是较为科学和适用的定义。荒漠化评价指标的“基准”、荒漠化气候类型及评价的空间尺度是建立荒漠化评价指标体系的关键。荒漠化的发生机制是荒漠化理论的核心,它涉及到荒漠化的反馈关系、荒漠化的非平衡过程及荒漠化与土地系统复杂性的关系。土地利用/ 土地覆被变化是荒漠化的驱动因素之一。
The conception and connotation, assessment indicator system, mechanism of desertification occurrence, as well as the relationship between the land use/land cover change in desertification affected area and desertification were discussed tentatively. The definition of desertification in “United Nation Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification. Particularly in Africa”(hereinafter referred as CCD), from the author’s point of view, revealed the general intrinsic property of all types of desertification with different causes. The definition of desertification in CCD, therefor, represented the scientific connotation and was acknowledged worldwidely. The “Bench Mark" of assessment indicators, the climatic types and the areas in which the desertification occurred and the spatial scale of assessment should be taken into account when establishing the assessment indicator system of desertification. The mechanism of desertification occurrence is a core issue of desertification research. It involves the feedback courses and the nonequilibrium processes in desertification,as well as the relationship between the biodiversity,complexity and the stability of land ecosystem. Finally, the relations of land use/land cover change(LUCC)to desertification were discussed. It was pointed out that LUCC was one of the driving forces of desertification.

利用综合方法对莱州湾南岸平原地面古河道做了系统研究,发现并验证地面古河道25 条,按形成时代将其分为两期,其中,早-中全新世古河道6 条,历史时期古河道19 条;按地貌形态将其分为4 种类型,包括高地古河道带、条状高地古河道、槽状洼地古河道和古河槽,其中条状高地古河道为该区主要的古河道类型。
By the synthetical method, a systematic study of the surface-emerging ancient channels on the south coast plain of Laizhou Bay has been made. 25 surface-emerging ancient channels have been found and verified.According to the formed times, these ancient channels were divided into two stages: 6 palaeochannels formed in the Early and Middle Holocene, and 19 palaeochannels formed in the historical period. According to the landform features,the palaeochannels were divided into four types: upland palaeochannel belts,strip-shaped upland palaeochannels,trough-shaped depression palaeochannels, and ancient river beds. Among the four types, the strip-shaped upland palaeochannels are the main type.

把煤矿城市的发展历程划分了4 大阶段:初期扩大开发阶段,中期稳定开发阶段,后期开发阶段及煤炭资源耗竭阶段,并分析了不同阶段所具有的特点。
In the paper, the development of coal-industry cities is divided into four stages: initial exploitation; middle stable exploitation; last exploitation and coal resource exhaustion stages. And the characters of different stages discussed.

根据水质分析资料,以化学需氧量、总氮和总磷作为评价参数,经过反复的尝试,构建了具有4 层结构用于评价湖泊的营养状态的误差逆传播网络。其输入层有3 个神经元,2 个隐含层各有4 个神经元,输出层有1 个神经元。将湖泊营养状态评价标准作为样本模式提供给网络,按照误差逆传播网络的学习规则对网络进行训练,经过39925 次学习后,网络达到预先给定的收敛标准。应用该网络对长春南湖水的营养状态进行了评价,操作过程简便易行。评价结果表明,长春南湖水基本上处于异常富营养化状态。
Artificial neural network was developed to evaluate the nutrient states of South Lake water in Changchun in this paper. Taking Chemical Oxygen Demand, Tolal Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus as evaluation parameters and after repeating attempts, the four-layer structural Error Back Propagation network was established to evaluate lake nutrient states.There are three neural units in input layer, four in both hidden layers, and one in output layer. Taking the evaluation criterion of lake nutrient states as sample pattern, the network was trained in the light of learning rule of Error Back Propagation network. After 39?925 tries, the network reached the convergence standard given in advance. The operation process of the network is simple and convenient, and the results indicate that South Lake water in Changchun is, on the whole, in the state of extreme eutrophication.

森林资源信息的提取和制图依赖于大量空间数据的有效处理,探讨了ARC/INFO7.0.1 和ARCVIEW3.0地理信息系统在森林资源信息提取、分析及制图等方面的技术方法,并以中国东北部大兴安岭地区的塔源林场为例,对方法的具体应用作了阐述。
Information of forest resources is powerful impetus to improve the productive forces and economic development of forestry, also is the key to realize forestry sustainable development. Extraction and charting of forest resources information depends on effective process to enormous spatial data. Geographic Information System(GIS)consists of a database containing spatially referenced land related data, as well as the procedures and techniques for systematically capturing, storing, retrieving, analyzing, processing, updating, and displaying those data. GIS enables the user to manage geographic data more efficiently and enhances the decision-making process for planning purposes. It has become increasingly important for spatial analysis of forest resources and forest sustainable management. The theme made inquiries about the technique of ARC/INFO 7.0.1 and ARCVIEW 3.0 in the extraction and charting of forest resources information. And taking Tayuan Forest Farm in Daxinganing Forestry Area as an example, makes a concrete exposition for the application of the new methods.

如何快速全面的了解整个改良区的土层分布情况及盐碱化程度,如何对改良的效果进行有效的检测,是盐碱地改良工作中所要解决的问题。应用物理探查的方法解决这些问题,证实其在盐碱地的改良工程中是一种可行、有效的方法。并拟在国家“九五”重点科技攻关项目专题-松嫩平原盐碱地综合治理与农业持续发展研究中采用此项技术方法,进行跨学科的技术应用研究。
How to master the distribution of soil, especially the distribution of saline-alkali soil and the saline-alkali degree in the whole transformation area before exploration, how to test the result of transformation effectively are the problems that must be faced during the exploitation. This paper discusses the theory and process which resolve those problems with the methods of geophysics, and proves that those methods are feasible and effective. In order to make scientific and technical researches between different subjects, all those methods will be used in the national key programs of the Ninth Five-Year Plan: comprehensive management of saline-alkali land and agricultural sustainable development in the Songnen Plain.

气流中颗粒跃移过程中的受力分析及其运动机理的研究在发展风沙物理学理论方面具有重要的意义。长期以来,受实验条件和实验手段的限制,关于此方面的认识还不统一。采用高速频闪摄影技术,在计算跃移颗粒各运动参数的基础上,反推出跃移颗粒的阻力系数和升力系数,并将颗粒所受的阻力、升力和重力进行了比较。结果表明,阻力最重要,重力次之,升力也不可忽略,它占重力的20% 以上。利用数值计算方法,得出了颗粒的跃移运动轨迹,与实测资料基本一致。
Mechanical analysis of a single saltating particle in air flow and its motion mechanism play an important role in development the Physics of Wind blown Sand. By means of high speed multi flash photography, this paper analyzes the variation law of drag coefficient and lift coefficient of saltation particle, and makes a comparison between drag, lift force and gravity force. Conclusions are as follows. First, drag coefficient of sand particle is different from one of idealistic small sphere. Second, among all forces, drag whose values can reach several times of gravity force is the most important, gravity force lists second, and lift force which accounts for more than 20% is not negligible. Third, using numerical method, saltating trajectory of sand particle has been obtained. Comparison of computed trajectory and measured trajectory shows that mechanical analysis discussed forward is very reasonable. Last but not least, sand particle may be subject to other forces similar to Magnus or Saffman lift forces.

《现代日本的水田开发》一书是由日本古今书院于1997年2月初版发行,日本琦玉大学教授元木靖博士撰写的一部全面系统研究明治时期以来近百年间现代日本水田开发过程、机制、影响因素等方面内容的学术论著,全书30余万字,附图62则,附表55例。本书在充分参考有关研究文献基础上,汇集和融注了著者20余年的研究成果和心得,可谓内容详实、图文并茂。

环境研究与评价中心是在中国科学院长春地理研究所原化学地理研究室的基础上组建的环境科学研究机构,是中国科学院最早涉足环境科学研究的单位之一,现为环境科学博士授予点。主要从事水环境质量及其污染控制、区域环境质量与区域环境综合整治、环境工程、环境与健康及建设项目环境影响评价等方面的研究工作。