Scientia Geographica Sinica  2016 , 36 (12): 1920-1928 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.12.018

论文

全新世巢湖沉积物炭屑记录的火环境变化

吴立12, 张梦翠1, 计超1, 张诗陶1

1. 安徽师范大学国土资源与旅游学院/安徽自然灾害过程与防控研究省级实验室,安徽 芜湖 241002
2. 中国科学院遥感与数字地球研究所数字地球重点实验室,北京 100094

Charcoal Recorded Fire Environment Change During the Holocene from the Sediment of the Chaohu Lake, East China

Wu Li12, Zhang Mengcui1, Ji Chao1, Zhang Shitao1

1. Anhui Key Laboratory of Natural Disaster Process and Prevention, College of Territorial Resources and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, Anhui, China
2. Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China

中图分类号:  F129.9

文献标识码:  A

文章编号:  1000-0690(2016)12-1920-09

收稿日期: 2016-01-20

修回日期:  2016-04-25

网络出版日期:  2016-12-20

版权声明:  2016 《地理科学》编辑部 本文是开放获取期刊文献,在以下情况下可以自由使用:学术研究、学术交流、科研教学等,但不允许用于商业目的.

基金资助:  国家自然科学基金项目(41401216)、中国科学院数字地球重点实验室开放基金项目(2015LDE012)、安徽师范大学科研培育基金项目(2014rcpy13)资助

作者简介:

作者简介:吴立(1985-),男,浙江海宁人,博士,副教授,主要从事湖泊沉积、环境考古与地貌演化研究。E-mail:jedi-wuli@163.com

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摘要

通过对巢湖湖泊沉积岩芯不同粒级炭屑浓度和磁化率等指标变化的研究,揭示了全新世以来的区域火环境变化及人类活动影响。结果表明: 全新世早期,气候由寒冷干旱向温暖湿润过渡,但仍较为干旱,炭屑浓度也相对略高,火活动比较频繁,地方性和区域性火时有发生; 全新世中期是最温暖湿润的适宜期,炭屑浓度出现全新世以来的低值,火活动微弱,但在文化兴盛时期炭屑浓度出现峰值,则归因于人类活动的影响;全新世晚期,在气候趋于凉干的环境背景下,人类活动的增强更加剧了火活动的频率和强度,炭屑浓度大幅增加; 近200 a炭屑浓度的降低可能与湖区附近已没有足够生物量引起火灾有关。

关键词: 巢湖 ; 全新世 ; 炭屑记录 ; 火环境 ; 湖泊沉积

Abstract

By analyzing the concentration of different-sized charcoals and magnetic susceptibility of the CH-1 core from the Chaohu Lake during the Holocene, the laws of charcoal content and the features of fire environmental changes were studied. In the early Holocene (9 870-6 040 cal. a BP), the climate was still dry although it was becoming warmer and wetter. The dry climate apparently creating the favorable conditions for natural fires to occur, which suggested the charcoal concentration was high. The middle Holocene (6 040-2 170 cal. aBP) was the warmest and wettest period during the Holocene, and very little charcoal was found in the core with the exception of cultural phases because the high precipitation during this period apparently suppressed natural fires. But human activities increased the fire frequency during the cultural phase. Archaeological investigations indicate that a large number of settlement sites distribute around the Chaohu Lake. Moreover, the remains of the Lingjiatan Culture (5 500-5 300 cal. a BP) are also identified with the presence of many types of exquisite jade objects. So value peaks in the charcoal concentration were showed. During the late Holocene (2 170 cal. a BP~), the climate became drier and cooler and conditions were once again favorable for fires to occur naturally. The water level of the Chaohu Lake reached the lowest as the lakebed possibly exposed. The concentration of charcoal in the core greatly increased during this period that showed the greatest levels of fire activity. Therefore, the great amount of charcoal concentration was related to both the drier climate and the increased human activities. These correlate well with the results from the archaeological evidence of ancient Juchao City. During the recent two hundred years, the amount of charcoal concentration sharply decreased and fire occurrence disappeared gradually because there was not enough biomass in the Chaohu Lake Region.

Keywords: Chaohu Lake ; Holocene ; charcoal record ; fire environment ; lake sediment

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吴立, 张梦翠, 计超, 张诗陶. 全新世巢湖沉积物炭屑记录的火环境变化[J]. , 2016, 36(12): 1920-1928 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.12.018

Wu Li, Zhang Mengcui, Ji Chao, Zhang Shitao. Charcoal Recorded Fire Environment Change During the Holocene from the Sediment of the Chaohu Lake, East China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(12): 1920-1928 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.12.018

火作为一种重要且独特的环境生态因子,是反映气候变化的主要指标之一[1-3]。人类的火活动对陆地生态系统产生了很大的影响[4],自然火和人类火活动对所有全球变化的因子,尤其是气候变化和土地利用变更等方面均相当敏感[5-8]。随着厄尔尼诺现象频繁出现,极端气候事件所引起的诸如印度尼西亚、巴西、澳大利亚等世界许多地方特大火灾事件频繁发生,火灾问题已成为各国科学家高度关注的焦点[9]。进一步理解火灾发生的时空规律、降低未来火灾风险,对较长尺度区域范围内火历史演变过程的研究具有重要的理论和现实意义。其中,存在于沉积物中的炭屑被认为是反映过去火活动历史的重要指标[10,11],国外火环境演化的研究就是开始于美国西部树木年轮的火疤分析和欧洲湿地沉积物中的炭屑识别技术[12-16]。炭屑是植物有机体不完全燃烧所产生的黑色无机碳化合物[17],它广泛保存在不同时期的沉积物中,常被风和流水从源地带到沉积地保存下来,特别是保存于湖沼沉积中的炭屑,由于沉积连续性好,已公认为是过去火演化一个敏感的替代指标[18],成为火环境变化历史记录的主要信息源,如储国强[19]探讨了湖光岩玛珥湖近2 000 a来炭屑沉积通量变化与人类活动的关系,伍婧和刘强[20]通过晚冰期月亮湖的炭屑记录反映了古气候演化等。巢湖流域位处以合肥为中心的安徽省会经济圈的核心区域,而该流域较长时空尺度火灾及火事件问题的研究还很少[21,22],对洪涝等其它灾害关注较多[23,24]。因此,本研究以巢湖湖泊沉积物炭屑分级统计及不同粒级炭屑面积浓度的对比为主要手段,系统的揭示全新世早中期火环境与气候变化之间的响应关系,在全新世晚期则深入探讨火环境变化与人类活动驱动加强之间的互动影响,为区域有效防灾减灾和自然-社会-经济协调发展提供科学借鉴。

1 材料与方法

巢湖位于安徽省中部、淮河与长江之间,属北亚热带和暖温带过渡性季风气候区。由于巢湖处在南北气候交界地带,并且本身仅有一条河流与长江相通,形成一个准封闭的湖泊,连续稳定的湖相沉积地层内蕴藏着丰富的流域古气候环境演变信息。从2006年4月至2015年7月,作者所在团队对巢湖湖区进行了10余次野外调研与湖泊沉积岩芯系列钻孔采样,其中在西湖区31°33′44.60″N,117°23′39.40″E位置水深3 m处获得4.9 m连续沉积岩芯(编号CH-1,采样时间2006年5月,取芯率98%,图1),岩性为青灰色淤泥,属湖泊相沉积物。

图1   巢湖CH-1岩芯取样位置及流域地貌水系特征

Fig.1   The sampling site of CH-1 core and regional geomorphic-drainage characteristics in Chaohu Lake

在实验室内以5 cm间隔分割获得98个炭屑样品;磁化率分析每隔1 cm取样获得245个样品。样品在室内自然风干后,分别进行炭屑浓度和磁化率分析测试。 炭屑面积浓度分析:样品采用炭屑分级统计方法[25],结合筛选法和花粉流程法2种分析方法的优点,利用筛选法对125 μm以上的粗粒炭屑进行提取统计,花粉流程法则获取粒径在125 μm以下的细粒炭屑。样品前处理完成后利用Leitz光学投射显微镜进行炭屑镜下分级统计,分别计算>125 μm和<125 μm炭屑的面积浓度,将所获得的炭屑统计结果作曲线和沉积率图。磁化率测试:样品自然风干后编号装入标准塑料盒中,用Bartington MS2型便携式磁化率仪进行测量,测试样品的低频磁化率(χlf)和高频磁化率(χhf)值,并用公式χfd = (χlf-χhf)/χlf×100%计算样品频率磁化率(χfd),获得有效数据693个。

由于整个CH-1湖相岩芯都为较纯净的青灰色中粉砂、细粉砂并夹少量极细粉砂,未见包含物及植物残体,故选择7个湖泊沉积物全样进行AMS14C年代学测试,由北京大学核物理与核技术国家重点实验室完成(表1)。测年结果除第一个数据(深度0.87 m处)外,其它6个数据的线性关系很好。考虑到整个岩芯未见沉积间断痕迹,推测下部6个数据14C年代受到“碳库效应”影响[26],因此,对岩芯深度1.27 m以下的6个年代数据依次进行了树轮校正[27,28]和线性回归校正[29,30](已另文发表,本文不再赘述)。校正后7个日历年代序列与深度呈很好的线性关系(R2=0.9775),使用外推内插法计算出岩芯其它深度的年代。

表1   巢湖CH-1岩芯AMS14C年代序列及校正结果

Table 1   The AMS14C ages and their calibrated results of CH-1 core in Chaohu Lake

实验室编号样品深度(m)AMS14C年代(a BP)2σ树轮校正年代线性回归校正年代(cal. a BP)
BA061038湖泊底泥0.871065±35890AD(95.4%)1030AD1040±70
BA061039湖泊底泥1.274855±353710BC(79.2%)3630BC2550±40
BA061040湖泊底泥1.895955±504970BC(95.4%)4710BC3720±130
BA061041湖泊底泥2.276795±405740BC(95.4%)5630BC4565±55
BA061042湖泊底泥2.877785±406690BC(95.4%)6500BC5475±95
BA061043湖泊底泥3.878685±507840BC(93.9%)7580BC6590±130
BA061044湖泊底泥4.8710825±4010935BC(95.4%)10850BC9770±40

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2 结果分析

2.1 炭屑浓度分析结果

炭屑实验共获得196个统计数据,分析结果表明:大于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度为5.757~355.343 grains/ml,小于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度为0.180~22.302 cm2/ml。根据剖面炭屑面积浓度变化特征和孢粉百分比的CONISS聚类分析结果[30],剖面自下而上划分5个带(图2),各带炭屑分析结果分述如下:

图2   巢湖CH-1岩芯炭屑、孢粉与磁化率环境代用指标变化
注:F/C为小于125 μm炭屑与大于125 μm炭屑面积浓度的比值。

Fig.2   Changes of environmental proxies of charcoal, pollen and magnetic susceptibility of CH-1 core in Chaohu Lake

I带:深度490~337 cm( 9 870~6 040 cal. a BP),大于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度为21.457~195.727 grains/ml,平均值62.451 grains/ml,具有4次明显的峰值,分别在465 cm、455 cm、380 cm、370 cm处;小于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度为0.645~7.380 cm2/ml,平均值3.307 cm2/ml。大于125 μm炭屑面积浓度相对略高,小于125 μm炭屑面积浓度整体较低。

II带:深度337~247 cm(6 040~4 860 cal. a BP),大于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度为13.797~138.446 grains/ml,平均值60.594 grains/ml,在255 cm处有一较大的峰值;小于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度为1.029~6.022 cm2/ml,平均值3.233 cm2/ml。本带炭屑面积浓度稍有降低。

III带:深度247~117 cm(4 860~2 170 cal. a BP),大于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度为34.218~295.130 grains/ml,平均值66.170 grains/ml,在185 cm处有一较大的峰值,在170 cm、150 cm处有较小的峰值;小于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度为0.180~3.154 cm2/ml,平均值0.633 cm2/ml。本带大于125 μm炭屑面积浓度略有升高,而小于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度是整个剖面中最低的。

IV带:深度117~87 cm(2 170~1 040 cal. a BP),大于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度为38.465~250.379 grains/ml,平均值146.469 grains/ml,在110 cm、100 cm处出现2次较大的峰值;小于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度为0.279~16.415 cm2/ml,平均值3.429 cm2/ml,100 cm处有一较大的峰值。大于125 μm和小于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度都迅速增加,为炭屑面积浓度的高值阶段。

V带:深度87~0 cm(1 040 cal. a BP至今),大于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度为5.757~355.343 grains/ml,平均值73.37 grains/ml,在70 cm、45 cm处出现2次峰值,其中70 cm处为剖面炭屑面积浓度的最大值;小于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度为0.274~22.302 cm2/ml,平均值7.15 cm2/ml,在80 cm、45 cm、20 cm处出现峰值。大于125 μm炭屑面积浓度变化较大,在本带的上部降低较多;小于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度在本带上部进一步增加。

分析沉积物炭屑面积浓度的变化趋势(图2),其特点集中表现在:大于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度波动较大,出现多次峰值;小于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度则经历了由相对平稳到波动明显的变化;相较而言,炭屑浓度在全新世早期较高,除文化兴盛期炭屑浓度出现峰值外,全新世中期炭屑浓度在整个剖面最低,而炭屑浓度在全新世晚期大幅增加;全新世以来炭屑面积浓度总体上呈增大趋势;大于125 μm炭屑面积浓度变化更为显著。

2.2 炭屑沉积率的变化

以500 a为一个时间段,共划分为20个阶段,计算全新世以来的炭屑沉积率平均值并作移动平均曲线(图3),方法为Fc=Ct/500×100%,式中Ct为经过年代插值后每500 a内样品的总炭屑浓度(grains/ml或cm2/ml),Fc为炭屑沉积率平均值(grains/ml·a或cm2/ml·a),其可反映一定时段内每年单位体积炭屑沉积含量的变化。由图3可以看出,炭屑沉积率变化明显,移动平均曲线呈现峰谷交替现象。其中,最为明显的2个峰值出现在全新世早期的7 500~6 000 cal. a BP以及全新世晚期的最近两千年来。全新世早期炭屑沉积率峰值主要受控于气候因素;孢粉记录表明[31],巢湖地区7 700 cal. a BP左右发生了一次显著的干旱事件,使得本区全新世早期气候由先前的温暖湿润向温和干燥的方向发展;当时旱生草本含量较高的混交林植被为天然火的发生提供了充足的可供燃烧的生物量,加之温和干燥的气候,使得天然火灾频繁而较强烈的发生,炭屑沉积率从7 500 cal.a BP开始迅速上升并达峰值。近两千年来炭屑沉积率迅速升高则是气候与人类活动叠加影响的结果。考古与孢粉资料表明[31],该时段本区气候向凉干方向发展,而人类活动自汉代以来大大加强,森林植被退缩并迅速演替为草地,说明当时人类大量砍伐或火烧森林以发展农业种植,这是近2 000 a来炭屑沉积率迅速增加的主要原因。

图3   巢湖CH-1岩芯>125 μm (a) 和<125 μm (b) 炭屑面积浓度沉积率变化

Fig.3   Changes of deposition rates of >125 μm (a) and <125 μm (b) charcoal concentration of CH-1 core in Chaohu Lake

2.3 磁化率分析

已有的研究表明,沉积物的低频磁化率可以反映天然湖泊沉积物的磁性强弱[32]。在湖泊沉积物中磁化率较高代表当时水动力条件较强,环境较为湿润;而磁化率较低则表示环境较为干旱[33],进而湖泊沉积物的磁化率可以反映气候的干湿和降水量变化。根据试验结果(图2),岩芯沉积物的低频磁化率值介于6.59×10-8~64.49×10-8m3/kg之间,平均值18.34×10-8m3/kg;频率磁化率最大值(107 cm处)11.17%,平均值3.50%;频率磁化率与低频磁化率之比的最大值为0.86%,平均值0.21%。在深度117 cm(2 170 cal. a BP)以下低频磁化率曲线较平稳,深度160~117 cm略呈下降趋势,而深度117 cm以上低频磁化率开始大幅升高;频率磁化率则呈现出不同幅度的振荡,具有6次明显的峰值,分别在385 cm、345 cm、295 cm、247 cm、107 cm、7 cm处,237 cm(4 700 cal. a BP)处出现全岩芯的最低值,总体237 cm以下频率磁化率较其以上高。以上揭示全新世早期气候向温暖潮湿过渡,但仍较为干旱,中期气候温暖湿润,晚期可能受到较多的人类活动影响。

3 讨论

为了更好利用炭屑探讨巢湖地区全新世以来火环境变化信息,可以从气候、物源、传播机制和动力等方面结合历史文献和考古资料进行详细对比研究,岩芯各环境代用指标综合变化见图2

3.1 炭屑的环境意义与搬运机制

沉积物中的炭屑是火的替代指示计,通过炭屑的定量统计和形态分析等,可以恢复地质历史时期火的发生频率、强度和变化[10]。炭屑浓度高指示火活动强烈,浓度低则反映火活动微弱[34]。而气候条件是火事件发生的重要因素,高强度火灾常常与干旱少雨的气候条件关联[35]。气候越是干旱,火灾发生的可能性越大,频率越高[36,37]。此外,火的发生常与人类活动有密切关系,炭屑沉积通量的变化便能反映人类活动的强度[19]。因此,炭屑浓度的变化不仅能指示气候干湿变化,还可以反映研究区人口数量和活动强度的变化[38]

火活动发生后,少量的炭屑(约1.5%~2%)随烟雾升空,而后顺风传播;大部分炭屑则原处沉积,由径流携带至湖盆沉积[39]。从炭屑传播和沉积的规律看,粗粒炭屑传播距离较短,源区离沉积地点较近;细粒炭屑的源区较远,传播路程相对较长,故炭屑粒级大小能够指示火源区与沉积区的相对远近[40]。大于125 μm的粗粒炭屑面积浓度代表地方性火活动事件,小于125 μm的细粒炭屑面积浓度则反映区域性火活动事件[25]。从岩芯中大于125 μm和小于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度变化趋势看,粗粒级炭屑浓度变化较为明显,它对当地火活动特征的指示作用更强。

利用小于125 μm细粒炭屑与大于125 μm粗粒炭屑面积浓度的比值(F/C)来指示沉积地与炭屑源区的距离[41]F/C值越大表明沉积地离炭屑源区的距离越远,反之则代表沉积地离炭屑的源区距离越近。从图2中可以看出,巢湖CH-1岩芯总体上F/C值很小,平均值只有0.096,表明巢湖湖泊沉积物中炭屑主要来源于湖泊周边地区,能够很好的代表研究区的火环境变化。

3.2 全新世火环境变化的时间序列特征

对巢湖CH-1岩芯炭屑和磁化率等相关环境代用指标的综合分析表明:

1) 全新世早期(9 870~6 040 cal. a BP,I带),气候由末次冰期的寒冷干旱向温暖湿润过渡[42]。大于125 μm和小于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度整体上相对略高,其中大于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度出现4次峰值,炭屑沉积率呈增加趋势并迅速上升至峰值,表明火活动比较频繁,地方性和区域性火灾时有发生。低频磁化率值较低,平均值14.86×10-8 m3/kg,频率磁化率值也处于一个相对较低的阶段,孢粉总浓度在该带为111 613 grains/ml,是相对较高的阶段。该时期是晚冰期之后气温波动回升期,但气候条件仍相对干旱,因温度提高可燃物质变干燥易于燃烧,且生物物质积累的增加也为火的发生提供了很大可能。较为干燥的气候导致火活动频繁,保存炭屑量较多。

2) 全新世中期(6 040~2 170 cal. a BP,包括II带和III带),其中,II带所处时间段是巢湖全新世最温暖湿润的时期[22]。虽然该时期气温增高,植被覆盖率大大增加,但由于降水量丰富,一方面使空气湿度提高,导致可燃物的可燃性减小;另一方面使可燃物自身充分吸水而降低了可燃性,因此火活动大为减弱。从大于125 μm和小于125 μm炭屑面积浓度的分析结果看,炭屑含量较全新世早期低,炭屑沉积率处于较为平缓的低谷,火活动微弱。气候湿润致使火活动发生频率低,沉积物中保存的炭屑量也就少。这一阶段频率磁化率值峰谷交替、激烈震荡,表明气候有数次波动。但是,在255 cm(4 990 cal. a BP)处大于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度出现一次峰值,这可能与人类活动影响有一定联系。考古发掘资料表明,这一时期是巢湖流域新石器文化形成与发展的重要阶段,出现了以含山凌家滩[43]、韦岗[44]和肥西古埂[45]等为代表的众多新石器时代遗址,古人类活动的加剧使流域火活动的频率上升。进入III带以后,大于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度出现了较大波动,有3次峰值,而小于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度是整个剖面中最低的;磁化率值降低,气候向干旱的方向转化。尤其是185 cm(3 645 cal. a BP)出现一次全新世中期以来的最大值,达到295.130 grains/ml。这些可能与商周文化时期人类活动频率的提高而导致的焚林、围猎、取暖、刀耕火种有密切关系。现有考古资料表明,商周时期本区古文化较为发达,发现了100多处遗址,分布密度很大[46]。这同样表明人类活动是重要的火成因子。

3) 全新世晚期(2 170 cal. a BP至今,包括IV带和V带),气候有向干旱化发展的趋势,但冷暖波动明显。大于125 μm和小于125 μm炭屑的面积浓度大幅度增加,出现几次较大的峰值,炭屑沉积率迅速增加至剖面最大,表明该时期火活动相当频繁。进入全新世晚期,孢粉组合表明落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林迅速被破坏,演替成以禾本科为主的草地,孢粉总浓度增加较多,磁化率值异常升高[30]。该时期巢湖流域植被受到人类活动强烈的影响,主要表现在砍伐或火烧森林、农业种植活动增强等方面。秦汉时期以来农业生产力水平大幅度提高,进入封建社会,人类不断毁林开荒,这种大规模的生产活动导致的人为火灾相当突出。然而,气候本身的干旱化也是十分明显的。特别值得注意的是,2 170 cal. a BP是全新世历史上巢湖干旱程度较高的一次,湖面又一次缩小[30,47]。通过对唐咀遗址文化层含碳较高层位14C测年结果2 090±130 a BP的综合分析[48],推测2 170 cal. a BP左右可能是历史上巢湖湖面最小的一个阶段,湖盆局部地区可能出露,湖滩面积扩大,唐咀遗址经济文化较繁荣。另据康熙年间编纂的《巢县志·巢湖志》记载[49],自明嘉靖二年(1523年)至清康熙十年(1671年)的100多年间就有9次大的干旱发生,记录的火灾旱灾达48次;故这个时期火活动的加剧不仅与气候的干旱期相对应,而且与人类活动的强烈干扰有密切联系。在气候环境变化和人类活动加剧的双重影响下,火灾发生频率增高,使保存在沉积物中的炭屑量在整个全新世居最高,特别是在明清小冰期(1500~1900 AD)[4]。通过广泛查阅巢湖地区的《巢县志·巢湖志》[49]、《合肥县志》[50]、《无为州志》[51]、《含山县志》[52]以及《巢湖地区简志》[53]、《合肥市志》[54]等古今地方志书统计发现在明清时期与炭屑浓度密切相关的火灾旱灾次数远多于其它历史时期(表2),平均每5~6 a就会发生一次较大的火灾旱灾事件。至本阶段末,大于125 μm炭屑面积浓度降低较多,小于125 μm炭屑面积浓度则进一步增加,F/C值增大并出现剖面最高值,说明湖区附近可能已没有足够的生物量引起火灾,而远处区域性火灾常有出现,来自周边地区的炭屑量增多。

表2   巢湖地区唐代以来火灾旱灾的历史文献记录统计

Table 2   The statistics of historical document records of fire disaster and drought in Chaohu area since the Tang Dynasty

朝代年号公元纪年/AD时间长度(a)火灾旱灾次数
乾封666~66831
贞元785~805112
元和906~820211
大中祥符1008~101691
绍兴1131~1162323
淳熙1174~1189162
绍熙1190~119453
庆元1195~120061
淳祐1241~1252121
咸淳1265~1274101
大德1297~1307111
泰定1324~132852
天历1328~133031
宣德1426~1435101
成化1465~1487233
弘治1488~1505183
正德1506~1521163
嘉靖1522~15664514
隆庆1567~157262
万历1573~1620486
天启1621~162771
崇祯1628~1644175
顺治1644~1662184
康熙1662~17236116
雍正1723~1736132
乾隆1736~17966012
嘉庆1796~1821256
道光1821~1851302
咸丰1851~1862113
同治1875~1909132
光绪1909~1912243
民国——1912~19492712

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4 结论

1) 巢湖湖泊沉积物中炭屑主要来源于湖泊周边地区,能够很好的代表研究区的火环境变化;炭屑含量变化是区域自然变化与人类活动因素叠加的结果,不仅可以指示气候干湿变化,而且可以反映研究区域人口数量和人类活动强度的变化。

2)提取了全新世巢湖地区火环境变化的信息。全新世早期,气候由寒冷干旱向温暖湿润过渡,但仍较为干旱,炭屑含量也相对较高,火活动比较频繁,地方性和区域性火时有发生;全新世中期是全新世最为温暖湿润的时期,炭屑含量出现全新世以来的低值,火活动微弱,但在文化兴盛期炭屑含量出现峰值,则是人类活动的结果;全新世晚期,在气候趋于凉干的环境背景下,人类活动增强更加剧了火活动的频率和强度,炭屑含量大幅增加。近200 a来炭屑浓度降低可能与湖区附近已没有足够生物量引起火灾有关。

致谢:特别感谢王心源研究员、张恩楼研究员、肖霞云副研究员、张广胜副教授、贾玉连副教授、蒋庆丰副教授、管后春博士和徐军工程师在野外采样与实验分析工作中给予支持与帮助。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.


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URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

利用1982~2006年GIMMSNDVI和气象数据,探究中国草原区植被变化及对气候的响应。结果表明,近25a中国草原区植被覆盖总体呈上升趋势,但季节变化空间差异明显。春季温度对温带典型草原、高寒草甸草原和高寒典型草原植被生长有重要影响,而夏季和秋季温度同样对高寒草甸草原影响显著;夏季降水增多能明显促进夏季温带荒漠草原植被生长。除8月份以外,温带草原5~9月NDVI均与前一个月降水显著正相关;在生长季内,高寒草原NDVI与同期温度显著正相关,但8月份除外。此外高寒草原植被在生长最旺盛时期对降水变化存在1~3个月滞后期。

[Shen Xiangjin, Zhou Daowei, Li Fei et al.

Vegetation change and its response to climate change in grassland region of China

. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(5): 622-629.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

利用1982~2006年GIMMSNDVI和气象数据,探究中国草原区植被变化及对气候的响应。结果表明,近25a中国草原区植被覆盖总体呈上升趋势,但季节变化空间差异明显。春季温度对温带典型草原、高寒草甸草原和高寒典型草原植被生长有重要影响,而夏季和秋季温度同样对高寒草甸草原影响显著;夏季降水增多能明显促进夏季温带荒漠草原植被生长。除8月份以外,温带草原5~9月NDVI均与前一个月降水显著正相关;在生长季内,高寒草原NDVI与同期温度显著正相关,但8月份除外。此外高寒草原植被在生长最旺盛时期对降水变化存在1~3个月滞后期。
[9] 毛德华, 温家洪, 潘安定. 灾害学[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2011.

[本文引用: 1]     

[Mao Dehua, Wen Jiahong, Pan Anding.Catastrophology. Beijing: Science Press, 2011.]

[本文引用: 1]     

[10] Tan Z H, Han Y M, Cao J J et al.

Holocene wildfire history and human activity from high-resolution charcoal and elemental black carbon records in the Guanzhong Basin of the Loess Plateau, China

[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2015, 109: 76-87.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.013      URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

Abstract High-resolution sedimentary charcoal and black carbon (BC, including char and soot) records from a loess–soil profile, combined with magnetic susceptibility, δ13C of soil organic matter of analyses, pollen counts and other paleoenvironmental proxies reveal past fire patterns and landscape evolution over the past 12,000 years. Results from the analyses of charcoal and BC influx show that regional fire activity was high in the early and late Holocene, whereas fire was less frequent and pervasive in the middle Holocene. Locally, fires were infrequent near the study site until the Late Holocene. Soot and char analyses do not parallel changes in charcoal variability, and thus appear to reflect either a different aspect of fire activity or else these data are registering aspects of particle transportation and deposition in addition to fire characteristics.
[11] 吕静, 王宇飞, 李承森.

古木炭屑与古森林火

[J]. 古地理学报, 2002, 4(2): 71-76.

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-1505.2002.02.009      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

森林火普遍发生在地质历史时期中,它对自然植被系统的演替起着重要作用.不同强度和频率的森 林火培育出不同类型的植被:频繁的森林火导致草甸的形成,而热带雨林形成的原因之一是森林火的缺乏.古炭屑作为古森林火的遗迹,具有分布广泛、细胞结构保 存完好以及原地埋藏等特点,为研究古森林火发生的强度和频率提供了宝贵的材料.古炭屑的出现与当时的气候因素、植被类型和地理状况有密切关系:干旱、少雨 的气候常常伴随高频率森林火的发生,表现出古炭屑的数量增多;易燃物种组成的植被易发生森林火,古炭屑的出现也会增多,而耐火树种会降低森林火的强度,古 炭屑则出现少.因此,从古炭屑的数量和种类的变化,可探讨古森林火的发生规律,进而推断长期地质历史时期的气候、植被、地理状况的演变.

[Lu Jing, Wang Yufei, Li Chengsen.

Fossil charcoal and ancient forest fire

. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2002, 4(2): 71-76.]

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-1505.2002.02.009      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

森林火普遍发生在地质历史时期中,它对自然植被系统的演替起着重要作用.不同强度和频率的森 林火培育出不同类型的植被:频繁的森林火导致草甸的形成,而热带雨林形成的原因之一是森林火的缺乏.古炭屑作为古森林火的遗迹,具有分布广泛、细胞结构保 存完好以及原地埋藏等特点,为研究古森林火发生的强度和频率提供了宝贵的材料.古炭屑的出现与当时的气候因素、植被类型和地理状况有密切关系:干旱、少雨 的气候常常伴随高频率森林火的发生,表现出古炭屑的数量增多;易燃物种组成的植被易发生森林火,古炭屑的出现也会增多,而耐火树种会降低森林火的强度,古 炭屑则出现少.因此,从古炭屑的数量和种类的变化,可探讨古森林火的发生规律,进而推断长期地质历史时期的气候、植被、地理状况的演变.
[12] McGinnes E A J, Szopa P S, Phelps J E.

Use of scanning electron microscopy in studies of wood charcoal formation

[J]. Proc Workshop SEM and Plant Sci, 1974, 2: 469-476.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Abstract Study was carried out with SEM to determine shrinkage phenomena occurring during transformation of wood into charcoal at the cellular level during commercial production conditions. Wood species studied were white oak, hickory, shortleaf pine and Eastern redcedar.
[13] Clark J S.

Fire and climate change during the last 750 yr in northwestern Minnesota

[J]. Ecological Monographs, 1990, 60(2): 135-159.

https://doi.org/10.2307/1943042      URL      摘要

Spatial and temporal occurrences of fire were estimated in 1 km虏 of old-growth mixed conifer/broadleaved forests by analysis of charcoal in varved sediments of 3 small lakes, and by dating fire scars (150) from recent treefalls. Climate changes were estimated from sediment data, water-balance models from 150 yr of precipitation/temperature data, and published data. Fire intervals varied from a ...
[14] Johnson E A.Fire and Vegetation Dynamics: Studies from the North American Boreal Forest [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

[15] Chaloner W G.

Fossil charcoal as an indicator of palaeoatmospheric oxygen level

[J]. Journal of the Geological Society, 1989, 146(1): 171-174.

https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.146.1.0171      URL      摘要

Abstract Charcoal results from incomplete combustion of plant material. It is produced naturally by wildfire, and being relatively tough and unbiodegradable it may be transported and incorporated into a variety of sedimentary environments. Wildfire requires adequate atmospheric oxygen for the combustion of plant fuel (wood, leaf litter). Fossil charcoal from the Devonian onwards suggests that the oxygen level in the atmosphere has not fallen below 13% in this interval. Further, the extreme flammability of even wet plant fuel at oxygen levels above 35% makes this the highest figure compatible with the occurrence of terrestrial vegetation. -Author
[16] Jones T P.

Ulrastructural and chemical studies on Oligocene fossil wood from Bovey Tracey, Devon, UK

[J]. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 1994, 81(2-4): 279-288.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(94)90112-0      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Abstract A specimen of Oligocene fossil wood from Bovey Tracey, Devon, UK, was examined using microscopical and chemical techniques. Although macroscopic examination clearly established that it was fossil wood, as opposed to fossil charcoal, both transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of its fine structure revealed that the previously stratified cell walls were apparently homogenized; a characteristic previously taken to be diagnostic of fossil charcoal. This fossil thus represents the only known example so far of fossil wood which was definitely not exposed to charring or charcoalification, yet possesses homogenized cell walls. Examination of the fossil wood using solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance suggests that the specimen was depleted in carbohydrate carbon and enriched in aromatic carbon and carbon from non-carbohydrate wood components when compared with NMR spectra of native ligno-cellulose. It is suggested that conditions in the unusual deposition environment of a highly acidic freshwater lake, could have directly or indirectly resulted in the cell wall homogenization. The existence of this unusually preserved specimen suggests that the differentiation between fossil wood and fossil charcoal requires the use of a number of characteristics; fossil charcoal being recognised as possessing homogenized cell walls, three-dimensional anatomical preservation, high reflectance under reflected light microscopy, and macroscopical resemblance to modern charcoal. It is not suggested here that this material represents a transition stage between wood and non-pyrolysis fusain (e.g. degradofusinite), but rather that caution needs to be exercised when identifying the mode of preservation/fossilization of plant material based on a limited number of physicochemical characteristics.
[17] Patterson III W A, Edwards K J, Maguire D J.

Microscopic charcoal as a fossil indicator of fire

[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 1987, 6: 3-23.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(87)90012-6      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Charcoal preserved in lake sediments, peat, and soils provides a record of past fire occurrence. An understanding of fire history is important in evaluating interactions between vegetation, climate and human disturbances through at least the last several millennia. In this paper we review information concerning the production, dispersal, sedimentation and preservation of charcoal. We present examples of studies that have used charcoal analysis in palaeoecological reconstructions, with special emphasis on analytical techniques and problems of interpretation. Unlike pollen, which is produced continuously in fairly constant amounts, charcoal is produced in large quantities but at irregular intervals. These are a function of fire regimes that are often unique to specific vegetation types and/or climatic regions. Charcoal particles vary in size from sub-microscopic to macroscopic, with small particles presumably being transported further by wind and water than large particles. Charcoal preserves well, but it may be subject to breakage, especially when transported by water. We present theoretical models of dispersal and discuss potential problems associated with post-depositional mixing. A variety of charcoal analysis techniques have been employed during the past four decades. Most involve microscopic identification and quantification of numbers or size of individual fragments occurring in samples prepared for pollen analysis. The most commonly used method 鈥 estimating charcoal area by categorizing particles in several size classes 鈥 is both tedious and time consuming, and recently introduced techniques attempt to estimate past fire occurrence based upon point count estimation, elemental carbon analysis, magnetic measurement of sediments, electron microscope, and spectrographic analyses. A lack of standardization both within and among analysis techniques has hampered interpretation of charcoal profiles. Taphonomic processes affecting charcoal are less well understood than for pollen, and as a result interpretations of historic interactions between vegetation and fire based upon pollen and charcoal analyses are difficult. We review several studies through which advances have been made and suggest questions for future study.
[18] 沈吉, 薛滨, 吴敬禄, . 湖泊沉积与环境演化[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2010.

[本文引用: 1]     

[Shen Ji, Xue Bin, Wu Jinglu et al. Lake sediment and environmental evolution. Beijing: Science Press, 2010.]

[本文引用: 1]     

[19] 储国强.

湖光岩玛珥湖近2000年来炭屑沉积通量的变化与人类活动

[J]. 第四纪研究, 2001, 21(2): 183.

Magsci      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

<p>广东湛江地区湖光岩玛河湖为一封闭淡水湖,湖水面积约2.31km<sup>2</sup>,汇水盆地面积3.5km2,最大水深22m.我们对该湖A孔长258cm的沉积物的炭后沉积通量进行了初步研究。</p>

[Chu Guoqiang.

Sedimentflux change of charcoal and human activities over 2000 years in the Huguangyan Maar Lake

. Quaternary Sciences, 2001, 21(2): 183.]

Magsci      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

<p>广东湛江地区湖光岩玛河湖为一封闭淡水湖,湖水面积约2.31km<sup>2</sup>,汇水盆地面积3.5km2,最大水深22m.我们对该湖A孔长258cm的沉积物的炭后沉积通量进行了初步研究。</p>
[20] 伍婧, 刘强.

晚冰期月亮湖炭屑记录反映的古气候演化

[J]. 地质科学, 2013, 48(3): 860-869.

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0563-5020.2013.03.021      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

位于大兴安岭中段的月亮湖地处季风/非季风影响过渡地带,其沉积岩心下部886~546 cm的炭屑记录揭示了末次冰期晚期到全新世早期(20.9~10.8 cal.ka B.P.)的古气候演化历史,反映了东亚季风对研究区气候的影响。研究区炭屑浓度的变化主要由可供燃烧的生物量决定,生长在气候温暖时期的森林草原能够提供更多可供燃烧的生物量。在同一植被类型的条件下,气候寒冷湿润时炭屑浓度低,气候温暖干旱时炭屑浓度高。20.9~18.0 cal.ka B.P.炭屑浓度较低, 气候寒冷偏干,18.0~15.3 cal.ka B.P.炭屑浓度最低,气候寒冷湿润,15.3~14.4 cal.ka B.P.炭屑浓度增高,气候开始向温暖的方向发展,14.4~11.8 cal.ka B.P.炭屑浓度快速变化,气候也经历了一系列的快速变化,11.8~10.8 cal.ka B.P.炭屑浓度总体较高,气候温暖湿润。&lt;50 &mu;m的炭屑浓度指示了区域火演化的历史, &gt;50 &mu;m的炭屑则反映了当地野火发生的状况。

[Wu Jing, Liu Qiang.

Charcoal-recorded climate changes from Moon Lake in Late Glacial

. Chinese Journal of Geology, 2013, 48(3): 860-869.]

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0563-5020.2013.03.021      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

位于大兴安岭中段的月亮湖地处季风/非季风影响过渡地带,其沉积岩心下部886~546 cm的炭屑记录揭示了末次冰期晚期到全新世早期(20.9~10.8 cal.ka B.P.)的古气候演化历史,反映了东亚季风对研究区气候的影响。研究区炭屑浓度的变化主要由可供燃烧的生物量决定,生长在气候温暖时期的森林草原能够提供更多可供燃烧的生物量。在同一植被类型的条件下,气候寒冷湿润时炭屑浓度低,气候温暖干旱时炭屑浓度高。20.9~18.0 cal.ka B.P.炭屑浓度较低, 气候寒冷偏干,18.0~15.3 cal.ka B.P.炭屑浓度最低,气候寒冷湿润,15.3~14.4 cal.ka B.P.炭屑浓度增高,气候开始向温暖的方向发展,14.4~11.8 cal.ka B.P.炭屑浓度快速变化,气候也经历了一系列的快速变化,11.8~10.8 cal.ka B.P.炭屑浓度总体较高,气候温暖湿润。&lt;50 &mu;m的炭屑浓度指示了区域火演化的历史, &gt;50 &mu;m的炭屑则反映了当地野火发生的状况。
[21] 吴开亚. 巢湖流域环境经济系统分析[M]. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学出版社, 2008.

[本文引用: 1]     

[Wu Kaiya.Analysis on environmental economic system in Chaohu Basin. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China Press, 2008.]

[本文引用: 1]     

[22] 谢平. 翻阅巢湖的历史——蓝藻、富营养化及地质演化[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2009.

[本文引用: 2]     

[Xie Ping.Reading about the Histories of Cyanobacteria, Eutrophication and Geological Evolution in Lake Chaohu. Beijing: Science Press, 2009.]

[本文引用: 2]     

[23] 吴立, 王传辉, 王心源, .

巢湖流域灾害链成因机制与减灾对策

[J]. 灾害学, 2012, 27(4): 85-91.

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2012.04.019      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

在对巢湖流域灾害进行深入研究的基础上,提出以"流域"为边界条件,自然和人文因素叠加下的灾害链作用机制和成因机理,着重从人-地关系地域系统的调控上来制定区域减灾对策,为流域可持续发展提供科学的理论依据与实践指导。从流域内灾害产生的地质—地貌、气象—水文、过渡区环境以及灾害产生的文化与经济四方面原因,分析灾害链产生的三条途径。针对性地提出了该流域减灾防灾必须以关键点为中心,采取生物措施与工程措施相结合、上下协同控制的六条减灾对策措施。

[Wu Li, Wang Chuanhui, Wang Xinyuan et al.

Formation mechanism of disaster chain and countermeasures of disaster deduction in the Chaohu Lake Basin, East China

. Journal of Catastrophology, 2012, 27(4): 85-91.]

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2012.04.019      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

在对巢湖流域灾害进行深入研究的基础上,提出以"流域"为边界条件,自然和人文因素叠加下的灾害链作用机制和成因机理,着重从人-地关系地域系统的调控上来制定区域减灾对策,为流域可持续发展提供科学的理论依据与实践指导。从流域内灾害产生的地质—地貌、气象—水文、过渡区环境以及灾害产生的文化与经济四方面原因,分析灾害链产生的三条途径。针对性地提出了该流域减灾防灾必须以关键点为中心,采取生物措施与工程措施相结合、上下协同控制的六条减灾对策措施。
[24] 程先富, 郝丹丹.

基于OWA-GIS的巢湖流域洪涝灾害风险评价

[J]. 地理科学, 2015, 35(10): 1312-1317.

URL      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

随着全球气候变化和城市化进程加快,洪涝灾害的灾情日益严重。在流域风险识别的基础上,从致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体和防灾减灾能力4个方面选取评价指标,建立评价指标体系。运用层次分析法确定指标的准则权重,基于有序加权平均法(OWA)计算指标的次序权重;构建OWA-GIS洪涝灾害风险评价模型,对巢湖流域洪涝灾害风险进行评价。研究表明:巢湖流域的东南部洪涝灾害风险较大,特别是庐江、无为、居巢区、和县等地。低风险区主要分布在巢湖流域的西南部、西北部和北部,舒城、肥西、肥东县风险低。随着决策系数的增大,决策者的态度由乐观到悲观,得到的风险值也越来越大。基于OWA-GIS的洪涝灾害风险评价是一种情景分析,评价不同决策态度下的风险状况,可拟定更多的复合情景,预测未来某种自然及经济条件下和不同决策态度下的风险,为区域制定规划和灾害风险管理提供科学依据。

[Cheng Xianfu, Hao Dandan.

Flood risk assessment in Chaohu Basin based on OWA-GIS

. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(10): 1312-1317.]

URL      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

随着全球气候变化和城市化进程加快,洪涝灾害的灾情日益严重。在流域风险识别的基础上,从致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体和防灾减灾能力4个方面选取评价指标,建立评价指标体系。运用层次分析法确定指标的准则权重,基于有序加权平均法(OWA)计算指标的次序权重;构建OWA-GIS洪涝灾害风险评价模型,对巢湖流域洪涝灾害风险进行评价。研究表明:巢湖流域的东南部洪涝灾害风险较大,特别是庐江、无为、居巢区、和县等地。低风险区主要分布在巢湖流域的西南部、西北部和北部,舒城、肥西、肥东县风险低。随着决策系数的增大,决策者的态度由乐观到悲观,得到的风险值也越来越大。基于OWA-GIS的洪涝灾害风险评价是一种情景分析,评价不同决策态度下的风险状况,可拟定更多的复合情景,预测未来某种自然及经济条件下和不同决策态度下的风险,为区域制定规划和灾害风险管理提供科学依据。
[25] 李小强, 周新郢, 尚雪, .

黄土炭屑分级统计方法及其在火演化研究中的意义

[J]. 湖泊科学, 2006, 18(5): 540-544.

Magsci      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

在综合了炭屑筛选法和炭屑花粉流程分析法的基础上,设计了一套从黄土、古土壤和古文化层中提取不同粒径炭屑的新途径--黄土炭屑分级统计方法,对不同粒级的炭屑进行分析和统计.筛选法提取、统计粒径在125 μm以上的炭屑颗粒,作为地方性火活动的替代指标;而用炭屑花粉流程分析方法获取粒径在125 μm以下的炭屑颗粒,作为区域性火活动的替代指标.黄土炭屑分级统计方法提高了炭屑研究的精度,丰富了黄土火演化研究的内容,是建立黄土高原火演化历史,研究植被演替和生态特征的重要途径,在认识黄土高原气候变化,探讨人类活动及其环境效应等方面具有重要意义.

[Li Xiaoqiang, Zhou Xinying, Shang Xue et al.

Different-size method of charcoal analysis in loess and its significance in the study of fire variation

. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2006, 18(5): 540-544.]

Magsci      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

在综合了炭屑筛选法和炭屑花粉流程分析法的基础上,设计了一套从黄土、古土壤和古文化层中提取不同粒径炭屑的新途径--黄土炭屑分级统计方法,对不同粒级的炭屑进行分析和统计.筛选法提取、统计粒径在125 μm以上的炭屑颗粒,作为地方性火活动的替代指标;而用炭屑花粉流程分析方法获取粒径在125 μm以下的炭屑颗粒,作为区域性火活动的替代指标.黄土炭屑分级统计方法提高了炭屑研究的精度,丰富了黄土火演化研究的内容,是建立黄土高原火演化历史,研究植被演替和生态特征的重要途径,在认识黄土高原气候变化,探讨人类活动及其环境效应等方面具有重要意义.
[26] 沈吉.

湖泊沉积研究的历史进展与展望

[J]. 湖泊科学, 2009, 21(3): 307-313.

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

回顾了国际和国内湖泊沉积研究历史,论述了国际古湖泊学研究的两大方向以及主要研究内容,对中国20世纪50年代以来的湖泊沉积研究进行了综述.针对目前湖泊沉积研究领域的薄弱环节,提出加强湖泊沉积环境指标的基础理论研究,提高时间分辨率,关注人类活动对湖泊环境的影响,开展湖泊沉积界面过程与机理研究,以及进一步加强区域和全球对比等建议与展望.

[Shen Ji.

Progress and prospect of palaeolimnology research in China

. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2009, 21(3): 307-313.]

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

回顾了国际和国内湖泊沉积研究历史,论述了国际古湖泊学研究的两大方向以及主要研究内容,对中国20世纪50年代以来的湖泊沉积研究进行了综述.针对目前湖泊沉积研究领域的薄弱环节,提出加强湖泊沉积环境指标的基础理论研究,提高时间分辨率,关注人类活动对湖泊环境的影响,开展湖泊沉积界面过程与机理研究,以及进一步加强区域和全球对比等建议与展望.
[27] Stuiver M, Reimer P J, Bard E, et al.

INTCAL98 Radiocarbon age calibration 24,000 - 0 cal BP

[J]. Radiocarbon, 1998, 40: 1041-1083.

https://doi.org/10.1029/97RS03183      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

The focus of this paper is the conversion of radiocarbon ages to calibrated (cal) ages for the interval 24,000-0 cal BP (Before Present, 0 cal BP = AD 1950), based upon a sample set of dendrochronologically dated tree rings, uranium-thorium dated corals, and varve-counted marine sediment. The 14C age-cal age information, produced by many laboratories, is converted to 螖14C profiles and calibration curves, for the atmosphere as well as the oceans. We discuss offsets in measured 14C ages and the errors therein, regional 14C age differences, tree-coral 14C age comparisons and the time dependence of marine reservoir ages, and evaluate decadal vs. single-year 14C results. Changes in oceanic deepwater circulation, especially for the 16,000-11,000 cal BP interval, are reflected in the 螖14C values of INTCAL98.
[28] Stuiver M, Reimer P J, Reimer R W.CALIB 5.0 [EB/OL]. [WWW program and documentation]. 2005.

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[29] 张广胜.

湖泊沉积记录的9870cal.aB.P.以来巢湖流域环境演变研究

[D]. 芜湖: 安徽师范大学, 2007.

[本文引用: 1]     

[Zhang Guangsheng.

Lake Sediment Records of Environment Changes in the Chaohu Lake Basin since 9870 cal.aB.P

. Wuhu: Anhui Normal University, 2007.]

[本文引用: 1]     

[30] Wang X Y, Zhang G S, Wu L, et al.

Environmental changes during early-middle Holocene from the sediment record of the Chaohu Lake, Anhui Province

[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2008, 53(Supp. I): 153-160.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-008-5009-4      URL      [本文引用: 4]      摘要

A typical lake sediment core is obtained from the Chaohu Lake in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Anhui Province, China. The timing scale is constrained by AMS 14C dating method. Climate proxies such as pollen and grain size in the core are analyzed to reconstruct the environment changes at this site approximately between 9870 and 2170 cal. a BP. The results indicate that at the research area, the climate in the early-middle Holocene had evolved through 3 stages. From 9870 to 6040 cal. a BP, proxy records show a warm and dry climate with low water levels after the late-glacial period. During this stage, cool and dry events occurred at about 8910 and 6060–6030 cal. a BP. Then, between 6040 and 4860 cal. a BP, the climate was humid and vegtation was more flourishing in the Chaohu Lake Valley. The Holocene Optimum occurred at 5840–5500 cal. a BP in the Chaohu Lake, showing the best condition of water and heat. Elm Decline occurred at the period of 5380–4930 cal. a BP. Since 4860 cal. a BP, the climate was warm and dry through 2170 cal. a BP as shown in both pollen spectrum and grain-size histories. Two obvious dry events occurred in 3760 and 2170 cal. a BP, respectively. At 2170 cal. a BP, the water level of the Chaohu Lake reached the lowest as the lakebed possibly exposed. Such lake sediment observations are consistent with the historical records in this area.
[31] 王心源, 莫多闻, 吴立, .

长江下游巢湖9870cal. aB.P.以来孢粉记录的环境演变

[J]. 第四纪研究, 2008, 28(4): 649-658.

Magsci      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

<p>根据对巢湖490cm湖泊沉积物柱样7个AMS<sup>14</sup>C年龄的测定以及98个孢粉样品的分析,植物种类分属于86个(科)属,可以划分为6个孢粉组合带:孢粉带Ⅰ(9870~6040cal.aB.P.)代表了末次冰期之后全新世温暖气候到来之前气候转暖的早全新世过渡时期,气候呈现温和略干的特点,其中亚带Ⅰ-1(9870~7700cal.aB.P.),Ⅰ-2(7700~6250cal.aB.P.)和Ⅰ-3(6250~6040cal.aB.P.)分别对应温暖湿润&rarr;温暖较湿&rarr;温和干燥的气候波动;孢粉带Ⅱ(6040~4860cal.aB.P.)代表中全新世温暖湿润期,水热配置条件最佳;孢粉带Ⅲ(4860~2170cal.aB.P.)体现中全新世后期温和干燥的气候,约2170cal.aB.P.干旱程度达到最高;孢粉带Ⅳ(2170~1040cal.aB.P.)反映巢湖流域由干燥向湿润气候的转型,气候总体上温和湿润;孢粉带Ⅴ(1040~200cal.aB.P.)反映了晚全新世巢湖流域温凉稍湿的气候;孢粉带Ⅵ(200cal.aB.P.至今)则体现巢湖流域处在相对温暖湿润的时期。植被类型演替大体为:以壳斗科的落叶、常绿属种为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林&rarr;以落叶栎类、栗属、青冈属和栲/石栎属为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林&rarr;以落叶栎类占绝对优势的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林&rarr;以禾本科为主的草地&rarr;以禾本科、蒿属和蓼属等为主的草丛。</p>

[Wang Xinyuan, Mo Duowen, Wu Li et al.

Pollen record from Chaohu Lake in the lower reaches of the Changjiang River and environmental changes since 9870cal. aB. P

. Quaternary Sciences, 2008, 28(4): 649-658.]

Magsci      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

<p>根据对巢湖490cm湖泊沉积物柱样7个AMS<sup>14</sup>C年龄的测定以及98个孢粉样品的分析,植物种类分属于86个(科)属,可以划分为6个孢粉组合带:孢粉带Ⅰ(9870~6040cal.aB.P.)代表了末次冰期之后全新世温暖气候到来之前气候转暖的早全新世过渡时期,气候呈现温和略干的特点,其中亚带Ⅰ-1(9870~7700cal.aB.P.),Ⅰ-2(7700~6250cal.aB.P.)和Ⅰ-3(6250~6040cal.aB.P.)分别对应温暖湿润&rarr;温暖较湿&rarr;温和干燥的气候波动;孢粉带Ⅱ(6040~4860cal.aB.P.)代表中全新世温暖湿润期,水热配置条件最佳;孢粉带Ⅲ(4860~2170cal.aB.P.)体现中全新世后期温和干燥的气候,约2170cal.aB.P.干旱程度达到最高;孢粉带Ⅳ(2170~1040cal.aB.P.)反映巢湖流域由干燥向湿润气候的转型,气候总体上温和湿润;孢粉带Ⅴ(1040~200cal.aB.P.)反映了晚全新世巢湖流域温凉稍湿的气候;孢粉带Ⅵ(200cal.aB.P.至今)则体现巢湖流域处在相对温暖湿润的时期。植被类型演替大体为:以壳斗科的落叶、常绿属种为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林&rarr;以落叶栎类、栗属、青冈属和栲/石栎属为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林&rarr;以落叶栎类占绝对优势的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林&rarr;以禾本科为主的草地&rarr;以禾本科、蒿属和蓼属等为主的草丛。</p>
[32] Zhu L P, Zhang P Z, Xia W L, et al.

1400-yrs cold/warm fluctuations reflected by environmental magnetism of a lake sediment core from the Chen Co, southern Tibet, China

[J]. Journal of Paleolimnology, 2003, 29(4): 391-401.

https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024440516843      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

<a name="Abs1"></a>Lake Chen Co, situated at 90&deg;33&#x2013;39<img src="/content/M350U71727513746/xxlarge8242.gif" alt="prime" align="BASELINE" border="0">E, 28&deg;53&#x2013;59<img src="/content/M350U71727513746/xxlarge8242.gif" alt="prime" align="BASELINE" border="0">N with a lake level of 4420 m asl, is an enclosed lake with 148 km<sup>2</sup> of catchment area and 40 km<sup>2</sup> of lake surface. It is mainly supplied by glacier melt water either from surface inflow or groundwater. Atmospheric precipitation is mainly concentrated in June&#x2013;September. A 216-cm long lake sediment core was obtained at a site with 8 m of water depth, 800 m from the lakeshore and 1.5% of the bottom slope in this lake. The sediment core was taken by a piston sampler and was sliced with an interval of 1 cm each. <sup>210</sup>Pb dating measurement suggested that the average sedimentary rate was 0.16 cm yr<sup>&#x2013;1</sup>, which also was confirmed by <sup>137</sup>Cs peak occurrence. Magnetic analyses included low-frequency dependent susceptibility (<img src="/content/M350U71727513746/xxlarge967.gif" alt="chi" align="MIDDLE" border="0"><sub>LF</sub>), susceptibility of anhysteretic remanent magnetism (<img src="/content/M350U71727513746/xxlarge967.gif" alt="chi" align="MIDDLE" border="0"><sub>ARM</sub>), the saturation isothermal remanent magnetism (SIRM), the isothermal remanent magnetism (IRM) reverse and <img src="/content/M350U71727513746/xxlarge8216.gif" alt="lsquo" align="BASELINE" border="0">Soft<img src="/content/M350U71727513746/xxlarge8217.gif" alt="rsquo" align="BASELINE" border="0"> and <img src="/content/M350U71727513746/xxlarge8216.gif" alt="lsquo" align="BASELINE" border="0">Hard<img src="/content/M350U71727513746/xxlarge8217.gif" alt="rsquo" align="BASELINE" border="0"> contents were performed for the sediment core. Results showed that <img src="/content/M350U71727513746/xxlarge967.gif" alt="chi" align="MIDDLE" border="0"><sub>LF</sub> was an index for reflecting the environmental conditions, but was not sufficient to reveal details of magnetic features. This had been proved by measurements of IRM Reverse percentage and <img src="/content/M350U71727513746/xxlarge8216.gif" alt="lsquo" align="BASELINE" border="0">Soft<img src="/content/M350U71727513746/xxlarge8217.gif" alt="rsquo" align="BASELINE" border="0"> and <img src="/content/M350U71727513746/xxlarge8216.gif" alt="lsquo" align="BASELINE" border="0">Hard<img src="/content/M350U71727513746/xxlarge8217.gif" alt="rsquo" align="BASELINE" border="0"> magnetic minerals values. The log(SIRM/<img src="/content/M350U71727513746/xxlarge967.gif" alt="chi" align="MIDDLE" border="0"><sub>LF</sub>) had much more information to reveal environmental changes. The <img src="/content/M350U71727513746/xxlarge967.gif" alt="chi" align="MIDDLE" border="0"><sub>ARM</sub>/<img src="/content/M350U71727513746/xxlarge967.gif" alt="chi" align="MIDDLE" border="0"><sub>LF</sub> might be more sensitive to the local environmental conditions because it was well able to indicate the grain-size variations of magnetic particles. In the past ca. 1400 years, the warm stages were ca. 620&#x2013;740 AD, 1120&#x2013;1370 AD and since ca. 1900 AD. After an intensively cold stage during ca. 1550&#x2013;1690 AD, a cold-humid stage from ca. 1690&#x2013;1900 AD and a warm-dry stage since ca. 1900 AD followed. Among these stages, the warmest one occurred in ca. 1120&#x2013;1370 AD and the coldest stage was between ca. 1550 and 1690 AD. This result might be compared with many other research results from lake cores, ice cores and the Chinese historical documents.
[33] 杨建强, 崔之久, 易朝路, .

云南点苍山全新世以来的冰川湖泊沉积

[J]. 地理学报, 2004, 59(4): 525-533.

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

<p>根据对点苍山冰川湖泊沉积的粒度、磁化率、元素地球化学以及孢粉等环境指标的综合分析,结合冰川地貌特征,以点、面两方面资料结合的方式综合分析,试图建立该地全新世以来的气候变化系列,共划分为6个气候阶段,以冷湿与暖干的组合为其特征。与其他西南季风区的环境变迁对比表明,点苍山受西南季风影响加强的时间晚于阿拉伯海而早于青藏高原,可以认为是联系以上两者的纽带。当西南季风在青藏高原逐步强盛以后,因地形作用致使本区湿度有所降低</p>

[Yang Jianqiang, Cui Zhijiu, Yi Chaolu et al.

Glacial lacustrine sediment’s response to climate change since Holocene in Diancang Mountain

. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004, 59(4): 525-533.]

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

<p>根据对点苍山冰川湖泊沉积的粒度、磁化率、元素地球化学以及孢粉等环境指标的综合分析,结合冰川地貌特征,以点、面两方面资料结合的方式综合分析,试图建立该地全新世以来的气候变化系列,共划分为6个气候阶段,以冷湿与暖干的组合为其特征。与其他西南季风区的环境变迁对比表明,点苍山受西南季风影响加强的时间晚于阿拉伯海而早于青藏高原,可以认为是联系以上两者的纽带。当西南季风在青藏高原逐步强盛以后,因地形作用致使本区湿度有所降低</p>
[34] 李小强, 赵宏丽, 阎敏华, .

东北三江平原全新世火演化及其与植被和气候的关系

[J]. 地理科学, 2005, 25(2): 177-182.

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

通过勤得利泥炭剖面碳屑、花粉记录,重建东北三江平原地区全新世火演化与植被变化的历史;研究火演化与植被、气候的关系;探讨人类火活动及其环境效应的信息。三江平原最近9700aB.P.以来,疏林草原植被时期(9200-8500aB.P.)和疏林植被时期(9700-9200aB.P.)对应了暖干气候阶段,碳屑浓度出现峰值,而湿润时期的碳屑浓度均很低。显示在暖干气候阶段,火灾发生的频次高、强度大;湿润或相对湿润阶段。火灾力度相对较小或频次较低。同时,自然植被状况和植物类型同样制约了天然火发生的频次和强度。20世纪50年代三江平原开发与垦荒对火演化和环境产生重要影响。

[Li Xiaoqiang, Zhao Hongli, Yan Minhua et al.

Fire variations and relationship among fire and vegetation and climate during Holocene at Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2005, 25(2): 177-182.]

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

通过勤得利泥炭剖面碳屑、花粉记录,重建东北三江平原地区全新世火演化与植被变化的历史;研究火演化与植被、气候的关系;探讨人类火活动及其环境效应的信息。三江平原最近9700aB.P.以来,疏林草原植被时期(9200-8500aB.P.)和疏林植被时期(9700-9200aB.P.)对应了暖干气候阶段,碳屑浓度出现峰值,而湿润时期的碳屑浓度均很低。显示在暖干气候阶段,火灾发生的频次高、强度大;湿润或相对湿润阶段。火灾力度相对较小或频次较低。同时,自然植被状况和植物类型同样制约了天然火发生的频次和强度。20世纪50年代三江平原开发与垦荒对火演化和环境产生重要影响。
[35] 曹艳峰, 黄春长, 韩军青, .

黄土高原东西部全新世剖面炭屑记录的火环境变化

[J]. 地理与地理信息科学, 2007, 23(1): 92-96.

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-0504.2007.01.022      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

对黄土高原东、西部全新世3个典型黄土-土壤剖面磁化率和炭屑浓度进行分析和对比研究,探讨该区域剖面中炭屑含量变化及其所记录的火环境变化特征.马兰黄土堆积时期,气候干旱而不稳定,地方性和区域性火频繁发生,炭屑含量较高;全新世早期,气候由冷干向温湿过渡,但仍较干旱,炭屑含量相应也较高;全新世中期是全新世最为温暖湿润的时期,炭屑含量出现全新世时期的最低值,但在夏商文化时期和庙底沟文化时期炭屑含量出现峰值,则是人类活动的结果;全新世晚期,在干旱的气候条件下,人类活动加速了火的频率和强度,炭屑含量大幅度增加.在全新世不同时期,黄土高原东、西部的炭屑含量存在一定差异,黄土高原东部火活动较为微弱,而西部火活动相对频繁,这是火环境条件区域差异性的表现.

[Cao Yanfeng, Huang Chunchang, Han Junqing et al.

Changes of fire environment recorded by charcoal hided in Holocene profiles in the eastern and western Loess Plateau. Geography and

Geo-Information Science, 2007, 23(1): 92-96.]

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-0504.2007.01.022      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

对黄土高原东、西部全新世3个典型黄土-土壤剖面磁化率和炭屑浓度进行分析和对比研究,探讨该区域剖面中炭屑含量变化及其所记录的火环境变化特征.马兰黄土堆积时期,气候干旱而不稳定,地方性和区域性火频繁发生,炭屑含量较高;全新世早期,气候由冷干向温湿过渡,但仍较干旱,炭屑含量相应也较高;全新世中期是全新世最为温暖湿润的时期,炭屑含量出现全新世时期的最低值,但在夏商文化时期和庙底沟文化时期炭屑含量出现峰值,则是人类活动的结果;全新世晚期,在干旱的气候条件下,人类活动加速了火的频率和强度,炭屑含量大幅度增加.在全新世不同时期,黄土高原东、西部的炭屑含量存在一定差异,黄土高原东部火活动较为微弱,而西部火活动相对频繁,这是火环境条件区域差异性的表现.
[36] 张佳华, 孔昭宸, 杜乃秋.

北京房山甘池15000年以来炭屑分析及对火发生可能性的探讨

[J]. 植物生态学报, 1997, 21(2): 161-168.

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

火是森林和草原生态系统的重要因子。本文通过北京房山东甘池15000aB.P.沉积物的炭屑、孢粉及烧失量(LOI)的分析,试图讨论北京地区15000aB.P以来火发生的可能性,提出火与植被中某些成分的相互关系及影响火发生的一些因素,同时结合考古和历史地理资料说明人类活动引起火灾的情形和程度。

[Zhang Jiahua, Kong Zhaochen, Du Naiqiu.

Charcoal analysis and fire changes at Dongganchi of Fangshan in Beijing since 15000 years B. P

. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 1997, 21(2): 161-168.]

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

火是森林和草原生态系统的重要因子。本文通过北京房山东甘池15000aB.P.沉积物的炭屑、孢粉及烧失量(LOI)的分析,试图讨论北京地区15000aB.P以来火发生的可能性,提出火与植被中某些成分的相互关系及影响火发生的一些因素,同时结合考古和历史地理资料说明人类活动引起火灾的情形和程度。
[37] 谭志海, 黄春长, 庞奖励, .

陇东黄土高原北部全新世野火历史的木炭屑记录

[J]. 第四纪研究, 2008, 28(4): 733-738.

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

<p>全新世黄土-古土壤剖面保存的木炭屑记录了野火和自然景观演变的过程,本研究通过野外考察采样和磁化率、TOC、木炭屑的实验分析探索陇东黄土高原北部地区全新世野火的历史。研究结果表明:11500aB.P.之前末次冰期,气候干旱,在半荒漠草原植被条件下,自然野火频繁发生;全新世早期(11500~8500aB.P.)野火发生频率大大降低;8500~3100aB.P.为全新世气候适宜期,气候相对比较湿润,生物风化成壤作用强烈,呈现森林草原景观,野火发生几率明显下降,但在古土壤形成早期,木炭屑峰值反映有野火频繁发生,这可能是新石器时代早期老官台文化(8000~7000aB.P.)时期人类用火及其放火烧荒开垦农田等活动的结果;全新世晚期气候向干旱化发展,具有游牧性质的寺洼文化(3250~2650aB.P.)出现在陇东北部黄土高原地区,有一定野火活动。1500aB.P.以后,木炭屑浓度大幅度减少,反映野火很少发生,可能由于本地区半农半牧土地利用方式已经确立,人工-自然复合生态景观形成。</p>

[Tan Zhihai, Huang Chunchang, Pang Jiangli et al.

Charcoal recorded Holocene fire history in the northern part of the Longdong Loess Plateau

. Quaternary Sciences, 2008, 28(4): 733-738.]

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

<p>全新世黄土-古土壤剖面保存的木炭屑记录了野火和自然景观演变的过程,本研究通过野外考察采样和磁化率、TOC、木炭屑的实验分析探索陇东黄土高原北部地区全新世野火的历史。研究结果表明:11500aB.P.之前末次冰期,气候干旱,在半荒漠草原植被条件下,自然野火频繁发生;全新世早期(11500~8500aB.P.)野火发生频率大大降低;8500~3100aB.P.为全新世气候适宜期,气候相对比较湿润,生物风化成壤作用强烈,呈现森林草原景观,野火发生几率明显下降,但在古土壤形成早期,木炭屑峰值反映有野火频繁发生,这可能是新石器时代早期老官台文化(8000~7000aB.P.)时期人类用火及其放火烧荒开垦农田等活动的结果;全新世晚期气候向干旱化发展,具有游牧性质的寺洼文化(3250~2650aB.P.)出现在陇东北部黄土高原地区,有一定野火活动。1500aB.P.以后,木炭屑浓度大幅度减少,反映野火很少发生,可能由于本地区半农半牧土地利用方式已经确立,人工-自然复合生态景观形成。</p>
[38] 许清海, 孔昭宸, 陈旭东, .

鄂尔多斯东部4000余年来的环境与人地关系的初步探讨

[J]. 第四纪研究, 2002, 22(3): 105-112.

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2002.02.002      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

本文依据地处 3 9°2 8′0 8″N ,1 1 0°0 9′92″E ,海拔 1 2 1 9m的伊金霍洛旗杨家湾古土壤剖面取得的高时间分辨率孢粉分析和炭屑含量统计资料揭示 :45 0 0aB .P .之前 ,鄂尔多斯东部的毛乌素沙地地区曾出现明显的流沙扩展 ,此后 ,气候变得比较湿润 ,流动沙丘逐渐被固定下来 ;42 0 0~ 3 5 0 0aB .P .是本区的气候适宜期 ,这里曾有针阔叶混交林生长 ;3 5 0 0aB .P .以后 ,气候变得干燥起来 ,森林从本区消失 ;2 70 0~ 2 4 0 0aB .P .,草原植被中藜科植物增加 ,气候进一步向干的方面发展 ,但降水量仍比现

[Xu Qinghai, Kong Zhaochen, Chen Xudong et al.

Discussion on the environment changes and the effects of human impacts in the east Ordos Plateau since 4 000aB. P

. Quaternary Sciences, 2002, 22(3): 105-112.]

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2002.02.002      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

本文依据地处 3 9°2 8′0 8″N ,1 1 0°0 9′92″E ,海拔 1 2 1 9m的伊金霍洛旗杨家湾古土壤剖面取得的高时间分辨率孢粉分析和炭屑含量统计资料揭示 :45 0 0aB .P .之前 ,鄂尔多斯东部的毛乌素沙地地区曾出现明显的流沙扩展 ,此后 ,气候变得比较湿润 ,流动沙丘逐渐被固定下来 ;42 0 0~ 3 5 0 0aB .P .是本区的气候适宜期 ,这里曾有针阔叶混交林生长 ;3 5 0 0aB .P .以后 ,气候变得干燥起来 ,森林从本区消失 ;2 70 0~ 2 4 0 0aB .P .,草原植被中藜科植物增加 ,气候进一步向干的方面发展 ,但降水量仍比现
[39] Kershaw A P.

Climatic change and aboriginal burning in northeast Australia during the last two glacial/interglacial cycles

[J]. Nature, 1985, 322: 47-49.

[本文引用: 1]     

[40] Sun X J, Li X, Chen H C.

Evidence for natural fire and climate history since 37 ka BP in the northern part of the South China Sea

. Science in China (Series D), 2000, 43(5): 487-493.

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02875310      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

正 The history of natural fire since 37 kaBP and its relationship to climate for the northern part of the South China Sea are revealed from the statistic study of charcoal particles and associated pollen data from deep sea core 17940 (20° 07'N, 117° 23'E, 1 727 m in water depth). Our study indicates
[41] Huang F, Sun X J.

Palynological record during the Pleistocene (between 1.05 Ma and 0.36 Ma) from ODP1144, northern South China Sea. Science in China Ser

. D Earth Sciences, 2004, 47(1): 30-36.

https://doi.org/10.1360/02yd0045      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

This paper presents the pollen record from the lower section of ODP1144 (depth 501.3-225.7 m, ca. 1.05-0.36 Ma). Two pollen zones (PA and PB) and eleven pollen subzones are recognized. Within zone PB, the 11 pollen subzones (PB21-11) are defined according to the pine, fern and herb variations, and are equivalent to the marine isotope stages 21-11 (MISs 21-11). The interglacial periods are typified by an increase in pine pollen and fern spores, and a decrease in herbaceous pollen, while the patterning during the glacial periods is just the opposite. During the interglacial periods, pollen assemblages were dominated by pine similar to those of the present day, suggesting that the paleoenvironment of the interglacial periods was similar to that of the present day, whereas the glacial periods are marked by an increase in herbaceous pollen, mainly Gramineae and Cyperaceae, indicating that grassland covered the exposed continental shelf when sea level declined. Increased Artemisia percentages and the highest pine influx during MIS12 may result from a stronger winter monsoon.
[42] 姜修洋, 杨邦, 王晓艳, .

黔北洞穴石笋记录的末次冰消期至早全新世百年~十年际气候变化

[J]. 地理科学, 2015, 35(6): 773-781.

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

<p>通过黔北三星洞2 支石笋(编号:SX3-a 和SX14)的25 个高精度<sup>230</sup>Th年龄(测年误差&le;76 a)和740 个氧同位素数据,重建了末次冰消期至早全新世(16.82&plusmn;0.04~8.29&plusmn;0.03 ka B.P.)平均分辨率达10 a 的亚洲夏季风演变历史。无论在千年尺度还是百年尺度,甚至是十年际气候事件上,三星石笋&delta;<sup>18</sup>O记录的季风气候与北高纬气候都存在耦合关系。然而,在波令-阿勒罗德(B&oslash;lling-Aller&oslash;d)时期,与格陵兰冰芯所记录的温度逐渐回冷的趋势相反,亚洲夏季风表现出逐渐增强的过程。太阳辐射能量的增加和越赤道气流的增强有可能是引起此时期夏季风增强的主要原因。在前北方期(11.7~9 ka B.P.)时,南极温度、大气CO<sub>2</sub>浓度和CH<sub>4</sub>浓度等在新仙女木(YoungerDryas, YD)结束后均达到最大值,而石笋&delta;<sup>18</sup>O记录表明在YD冷事件结束后,直到9 ka B.P.左右亚洲夏季风才达到最盛期。冰消期结束后,虽然太阳辐射能量已经达到高值,但直到9 ka B.P.之前,北美大陆仍然残留较大的冰盖,有可能对夏季风的增强起到一定的限制作用。另外,早全新世南极变冷同样有可能通过加强越赤道气流来影响夏季风气候。</p>

[Jiang Xiuyang, Yang Bang,

Wang Xiaoyan et al. The centennial to decadal scale variation of summer monsoon precipitation in northern Guizhou Province during the last deglacial

. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(6): 773-781.]

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

<p>通过黔北三星洞2 支石笋(编号:SX3-a 和SX14)的25 个高精度<sup>230</sup>Th年龄(测年误差&le;76 a)和740 个氧同位素数据,重建了末次冰消期至早全新世(16.82&plusmn;0.04~8.29&plusmn;0.03 ka B.P.)平均分辨率达10 a 的亚洲夏季风演变历史。无论在千年尺度还是百年尺度,甚至是十年际气候事件上,三星石笋&delta;<sup>18</sup>O记录的季风气候与北高纬气候都存在耦合关系。然而,在波令-阿勒罗德(B&oslash;lling-Aller&oslash;d)时期,与格陵兰冰芯所记录的温度逐渐回冷的趋势相反,亚洲夏季风表现出逐渐增强的过程。太阳辐射能量的增加和越赤道气流的增强有可能是引起此时期夏季风增强的主要原因。在前北方期(11.7~9 ka B.P.)时,南极温度、大气CO<sub>2</sub>浓度和CH<sub>4</sub>浓度等在新仙女木(YoungerDryas, YD)结束后均达到最大值,而石笋&delta;<sup>18</sup>O记录表明在YD冷事件结束后,直到9 ka B.P.左右亚洲夏季风才达到最盛期。冰消期结束后,虽然太阳辐射能量已经达到高值,但直到9 ka B.P.之前,北美大陆仍然残留较大的冰盖,有可能对夏季风的增强起到一定的限制作用。另外,早全新世南极变冷同样有可能通过加强越赤道气流来影响夏季风气候。</p>
[43] 朔知.

崧泽时代皖江两岸的聚落与文化

[J]. 东南文化, 2015, (1): 66-78.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

崧泽时代的皖江两岸因环境影 响,宏观的聚落分布区域主要集中在东、西部,中部很少,微观的地形选择也具有一定规律,是以岗地边缘为最主要选址位置。在文化发展过程中,当地快速形成了 以玉、石器为主体的文化特质,同时吸纳了邻近地区诸文化因素。这一阶段是皖江流域文化发展的第一个高峰,对整个长江下游这一时期文化的崧泽化起到了重要作 用。

[Shuo Zhi.

Settlements and cultures in the Wanjiang River basin during the Songze cultural period

. Southeast Culture, 2015, (1): 66-78.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

崧泽时代的皖江两岸因环境影 响,宏观的聚落分布区域主要集中在东、西部,中部很少,微观的地形选择也具有一定规律,是以岗地边缘为最主要选址位置。在文化发展过程中,当地快速形成了 以玉、石器为主体的文化特质,同时吸纳了邻近地区诸文化因素。这一阶段是皖江流域文化发展的第一个高峰,对整个长江下游这一时期文化的崧泽化起到了重要作 用。
[44] 朔知, 陈小春, 刘松林.

安徽含山县韦岗遗址新石器时代遗存发掘简报

[J]. 考古, 2015, (3): 35-50.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

韦岗遗址位于安徽省含山县铜闸镇大马村韦岗组东南侧,南距乡村公路约100米,西南距凌家滩遗址以往发掘的墓葬区约2.7公里(图一)。这是一处岗地型遗址,平面形状不规则,文化层分布较散,总面积约3万平方米。遗址于2011年开展“中华文明探源工程”子课题之一“凌家滩遗址及所在裕溪河流域聚落形态研究”时,通过区域系统调查发现。

[Shuo Zhi, Chen Xiaochun, Liu Songlin.

Brief excavation report of Neolithic remains in the Weigang Site of Hanshan County, Anhui

. Archaeology, 2015, (3): 35-50.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

韦岗遗址位于安徽省含山县铜闸镇大马村韦岗组东南侧,南距乡村公路约100米,西南距凌家滩遗址以往发掘的墓葬区约2.7公里(图一)。这是一处岗地型遗址,平面形状不规则,文化层分布较散,总面积约3万平方米。遗址于2011年开展“中华文明探源工程”子课题之一“凌家滩遗址及所在裕溪河流域聚落形态研究”时,通过区域系统调查发现。
[45] 杨德标, 杨立新.

安徽肥西县古埂新石器时代遗址

[J]. 考古, 1985, (7): 577-583.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

正 古埂遗址座落在安徽肥西上派钲东1.5公里处,属上派钲胡湾大队朝东生产队。遗址北距合肥市仅18公里,西1.5公里即是合肥至安庆的合安公路,上派河经遗址的东北流入巢湖。1981年肥西县文物组普查文物时发现此遗址。遗址现呈漫坡状,高出周围农耕水田约两米,总面积约两万多平方米(图一)。1983年为配合安徽大学历史系文博班学员田野实习,经文化部与社科院批准,由我队负责对古埂遗址进行发掘,同时参加发掘

[Yang Debiao, Yang Lixin.

Gugeng Neolithic Site in the Feixi County, Anhui

. Archaeology, 1985, (7): 577-583.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

正 古埂遗址座落在安徽肥西上派钲东1.5公里处,属上派钲胡湾大队朝东生产队。遗址北距合肥市仅18公里,西1.5公里即是合肥至安庆的合安公路,上派河经遗址的东北流入巢湖。1981年肥西县文物组普查文物时发现此遗址。遗址现呈漫坡状,高出周围农耕水田约两米,总面积约两万多平方米(图一)。1983年为配合安徽大学历史系文博班学员田野实习,经文化部与社科院批准,由我队负责对古埂遗址进行发掘,同时参加发掘
[46] Wu L, Wang X Y, Zhou K S et al.

Transmutation of ancient settlements and environmental changes between 6000-2000 aBP in the Chaohu Lake Basin, East China

[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2010, 20(5): 687-700.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-010-0804-7      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

<p>Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province, East China, using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene, the transmutation of ancient settlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed. Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements in this area changed from high altitudes to low ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time. These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene, leading to the lake level fluctuations. The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities. These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate conditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly. The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east. This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum. Therefore, climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin, which exerted great influence on the distribution, expansion and development of the ancient settlements.</p>
[47] 贾铁飞, 戴雪荣, 张卫国, .

全新世巢湖沉积记录及其环境变化意义

[J]. 地理科学, 2006, 26(6): 706-711.

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2006.06.011      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

根据巢湖全新世沉积地层对比及对ACN钻孔沉积物的测年、粒度、 营养元素含量分析,认为巢湖在全新世中经历了频繁的河流、湖泊交互作用,是一个受河流影响十分显著的沿江湖泊.中全新世以来,巢湖共发生三次显著的湖泊收 缩过程,分别是在沉积纪录的5 887~5 680 a B.P.时,其后又再度扩张;2 239~2 126 a B.P.时,是在中国历史时期第二温暖期暖干气候条件下形成的,与其同期的河流相冲积层或淤积粘土,正是巢湖周边战国至汉代古文化遗址的基底物质,之后巢 湖再度扩张,甚至导致汉代古城成为水下遗址;1 827 a B.P.以来,是巢湖现代淤积过程.

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Sediment records in Chaohu Lake and its significance on environmental change in Holocene

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https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2006.06.011      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

根据巢湖全新世沉积地层对比及对ACN钻孔沉积物的测年、粒度、 营养元素含量分析,认为巢湖在全新世中经历了频繁的河流、湖泊交互作用,是一个受河流影响十分显著的沿江湖泊.中全新世以来,巢湖共发生三次显著的湖泊收 缩过程,分别是在沉积纪录的5 887~5 680 a B.P.时,其后又再度扩张;2 239~2 126 a B.P.时,是在中国历史时期第二温暖期暖干气候条件下形成的,与其同期的河流相冲积层或淤积粘土,正是巢湖周边战国至汉代古文化遗址的基底物质,之后巢 湖再度扩张,甚至导致汉代古城成为水下遗址;1 827 a B.P.以来,是巢湖现代淤积过程.
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Ancient culture decline after the Han Dynasty in the Chaohu Lake basin, East China: A geoarchaeological perspective

[J]. Quaternary International, 2012,275: 23-29.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.08.027      URL      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

The culture decline of Chaohu Lake Basin after the Han Dynasty is a remarkable archaeological phenomenon in the Jianghuai region, Anhui Province, East China. Analysis of the relevant historic records, combined with the new progress in environmental archaeological research and remote sensing data, demonstrates how the ancient culture of Chaohu Lake Basin declined after the Han Dynasty from a geoarchaeological perspective. The results show that the culture decline after the Han Dynasty may be caused by the environmental changes. The deterioration of climate conditions combined with floods, earthquakes and other natural disasters, as well as the climate background of Chinese economic and cultural center transfer, together with the north-south division of political geographic factors that led to war, all caused the ancient "Chao-Fei Channel" to decline gradually and destroyed the agricultural economic foundation of cultural development in the Chaohu Lake Basin. These also brought the decline of the development of settlements and substantial decreases in archaeological sites and burial numbers. Subsequently, the cultural development of the Chaohu Lake Basin declined. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.
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