地理科学  2017 , 37 (11): 1609-1616 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.11.001

Orginal Article

自然的社会建构:西方人文地理学对自然的再认识

朱竑, 尹铎

华南师范大学地理科学学院文化产业与文化地理研究中心, 广东 广州 510631

Social Construction of Nature: The Rethink of Western Human Geography on Nature

Zhu Hong, Yin Duo

Center for Social and Cultural Geography, School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510263, Guangdong, China

中图分类号:  K901.6

文献标识码:  A

文章编号:  1000-0690(2017)11-1609-08

收稿日期: 2016-12-19

修回日期:  2017-04-5

网络出版日期:  2017-11-20

版权声明:  2017 《地理科学》编辑部 本文是开放获取期刊文献,在以下情况下可以自由使用:学术研究、学术交流、科研教学等,但不允许用于商业目的.

基金资助:  国家自然科学基金重点项目(41630635)资助

作者简介:

作者简介:朱竑(1968-),男,甘肃临夏人,教授,主要研究方向为文化地理、旅游地理。E-mail:zhuh@scnu.edu.cn

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摘要

自然的社会建构作为西方人文地理学界对自然的再思考,渐成为理解自然与社会互动的重要理论框架,并逐步成为推动人地和谐、可持续发展研究的新范式。通过梳理自然的社会建构研究理论源起并对西方涉及自然的社会建构的研究文献进行全面梳理发现,自然的社会建构并非单纯指基于建构主义视角考察自然的知识生产或价值与意义,还应该关注自然被生产与形构的商品化过程。现有议题主要聚焦于政治与自然、商品化与自然、社会情感与自然以及日常生活与自然四大方面。在此基础上,进一步提出了国内未来研究需要关注的重要方向。

关键词: 自然 ; 社会建构 ; 西方人文地理学 ; 人地关系

Abstract

The approach of social construction of nature has become an important theoretical framework in understanding the interplay between society and nature in western Human Geography as geographers has long endeavored to integrate Human Geography and Physical Geography. “Social construction of nature” not only refers to the process and transformation by which nature is materially formed and commodified, but also emphasizes that the ideas of nature are socially constructed and culturally determined, which intrinsically related to subjective meanings, power, discourse, and representation. This approach therefore arguably sheds new light on cultivating harmonious human-place relationship and substantial development. This article seeks to review on the theory of social construction of nature and related literature, and outlines four aspect of focuses: the politics of nature, the commercialization of nature, social emotion and nature, and everyday life and nature. We argue that social construction of nature is not merely a social constructionist approach that primarily focuses on the knowledge production and social value and meaning imposed on the nature, but also intellectually rewarding in seeing both material and symbolic form of nature as interactively constituted with each other. Most importantly, the material changes of nature are often interactively tied up with the values and meanings of nature. At last, this article proposes the future research areas that requires further theoretical and empirical investigation including the dynamics and effects of social construction of nature amidst China social transformation, power relationships and negotiation underlying the socialize process of nature, capital’s impacts upon the reconstruction of nature, and individuals’ emotional response to social construction of nature. Hence, we argue that the positivist understanding of nature need to articulate with social constructionist approach, which reconcile the material change of nature with social meanings and relationships. This article seeks to enrich the interdisciplinary research of nature in domestic Human Geography and Physical Geography.

Keywords: nature ; social construction ; western Human Geography ; human-environment system

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朱竑, 尹铎. 自然的社会建构:西方人文地理学对自然的再认识[J]. 地理科学, 2017, 37(11): 1609-1616 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.11.001

Zhu Hong, Yin Duo. Social Construction of Nature: The Rethink of Western Human Geography on Nature[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017, 37(11): 1609-1616 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.11.001

人地关系是地理学最核心的研究内容,反映了地理学对于“社会”与“自然”关系的恒久关注[1]。然而,作为地理学最重要的研究分支,自然地理学与人文地理学对于“自然”与“社会”二者关系的研究却日趋分离,甚至二元对立[2]。自然地理学家将自然看作是与社会系统相对剥离的独立运行体系,忽略了自然系统亦有与社会系统相互套嵌密不可分的一面。而人文地理学家则相对较多关注自然的社会价值与意义,忽略了自然作为客观实体的独立运行规律与物质属性[3]。这两种截然对立的世界观,造成了自然地理学与人文地理学在研究客观世界的同一对象时,截然不同的本体论与方法论,这种对立的发展方向,导致研究领域越分越细,彼此隔膜越来越深的情形,这使得地理学的区域综合学科优势愈加难以显现与发挥,开始逐渐引起西方人文地理学者的注意与警惕[4]。不同分支的人文地理学者开始基于不同的理论流派寻找正确认识自然与社会二者关系的新方法,意图弥合人文地理学与自然地理学研究的分歧与不同[5]。人文地理学者们发现,自然应该被放置到具体的社会文化情境中进行探索与研究,自然既是行动者网络中实实在在的独立行动者,其物质形态的发展演变应该得到关注,同时自然也是表征与象征的产物,具有社会赋予的价值与意义[6]。所谓“自然的社会建构”作为西方人文地理学界对于自然的再思考,开始成为推动人地和谐、可持续发展新的范式和理念,也受到越来越多的学者关注并由此引发了一系列的理论与实证探讨[7]

当前中国地理科学研究对“人-地系统”这一核心概念的关注相对较为分离[8],对自然地理学和人文地理学研究的交叉融合也缺乏相应的重视。总体来看,目前国内人文地理学对自然的理解与研究依然有待深化与完善。同样,也因为相对独立的发展过程以及绝然不一的评判标准,自然地理学对人文地理学也颇多偏见和歧义。在纵观全球变化与中国转型期背景下,自然的物质形态改变,往往会伴随着诸多社会关系与意义系统的演变。鉴此,关乎自然的问题不再仅是从自然地理学视角出发的、在技术层面上的关于如何保护、如何治理的问题,也关乎从人文地理学视角出发所展开的如何对自然进行“社会建构”,进而应用于社会、政治实践中的问题。本文试图通过梳理自然的社会建构研究的理论源起、研究现状,提出未来中国人文地理学关于自然的社会建构可能进行的研究议题,以期对深化中国人文地理学对自然的理解有所裨益,能够更好地促进人地关系的和谐及可持续发展。

1 自然的社会建构研究源起

“自然”这一复杂的学术概念在西方人文地理学中拥有不同的解释与意涵。这些不同的解释为不同的自然研究流派提供了相应的理论基础。Williams区分了3类针对“自然”彼此相联但又各具特点的认识[9]。第一类认识认为“自然”是事物的本质属性(essential quality);第二类认为“自然”即是驱动有生命体并操纵无生命体的内在力量,例如万有引力、能量守恒定律等。研究“自然”即应该探求“自然”发展、运作的内在规律与普适法则;第三类认识认为“自然”是外在的物质世界,尤其是未被开发且极少被人所影响的所谓纯粹的“自然环境”(natural environment)。在传统实证主义主导的科学认知中,“自然”并不臣服于人类的主观阐释[10]。而有关“自然”的研究亦是基于第一类与第二类认识的理解,倡导在对“自然”固有的运行模式、机理与效应进行探索的基础上改造自然。因此,无论是所谓的专家技术流派强调的应当最大限度的将自然为社会所用,还是生态中心流派所倡导应当拯救自然、充分尊重自然并回归自然。其本质仍然根植于自然实用主义的物质性理解中,即自然本质上是僵化的先验性存在[11]。但随着社会发展变迁,人们愈加发现,自然不仅仅只具有物质性,还具有社会赋予的象征意义、价值与意识形态。社会对自然的影响也并非只有物质上的改变,通常还伴随着意义与价值的建构与重塑。例如,云南普洱古茶树对于当地少数民族而言原是神圣与家族的象征,但伴随日益火爆的普洱茶叶与旅游市场,在资本的运作下古茶树演变成为经济来源的象征,原本对茶树的祭祀与朝拜也开始向采摘与售卖转变[12]

于是,伴随着对自然象征性的思考与物质性的再思考,自然的社会建构作为西方人文地理学对于“自然”的再认识,开始成为全面理解社会与自然的互动的重要理论思潮。一方面,学者们开始关注概念、意义与价值中的“自然”,认为“自然”研究应该关注所谓的第一类认识,即事物的本质特性。以此作为理论基础的社会自然流派(social nature approach)就倡导,自然作为一种文化与历史的特殊概念(concept),是被社会建构的[13]。而作为概念的自然,不论是三类认识中的哪一种,都应该放置到某种社会文化的语境下去解读。另一方面,自然的社会建构研究重新对自然的物质性进行了再思考,认为伴随着转基因等生物科技的发展以及全球环境变化等因素的加强,自然的法则以及事物的本质属性也在发生着物质化的社会建构(material social construction)[14]。例如,针对普洱茶物质性的研究并不应该仅仅局限于对于土壤[15]、水质[16]等维度的所谓科学主义分析,也应该关注在资本与市场的裹挟下,普洱茶作为自然商品被生产以及形构的过程。

综合而言,自然的社会建构研究认为社会存在于自然之中,自然亦会被社会所建构。话语非常重要并可以影响社会对于自然的态度及行为,但自然的物质化(materialization)也需要被社会所关注。“自然”与“社会”的共同体是由多元行动者网络在不同尺度上作用而成的[17],这种建构既包括符号、价值与意义的系统,亦包含由于社会实践而带来的物质改变[18]图1)。毕竟社会的各种资本积累是需要通过可视化(visible)、有价值(available)的物质实体来实现的,话语与意义只是巧妙地包裹在了自然的物质改变(material transformation)之中,操纵着各行动者地位在自然形态的改变中的消隐与显现,并成为实现这种积累过程的中介与渠道[19]

图1   西方人文地理学中自然的社会建构研究框架

Fig.1   The context of social construction of nature on the western Human Geography

2 文献整体概况

自然的社会建构涉及“自然”与“社会”两大庞杂的巨系统。因而,本文首先对自然的社会建构权威著作进行了追踪与关注。自2001年起至2014年,Castree在Harvey与Smith等马克思主义地理学者的观点基础上[20,21],分别推出了3本在自然的社会建构研究中影响力较大的编著与著作《Social nature:theory, practice and politics》[11]、《Nature》[22]与《Making sense of nature》[23]。这些自然的社会建构的经典著作为本文的理论构建与梳理提供了重要参考。

本文的主要研究目的是通过梳理西方研究议题为中国人文地理提供启示。因此,使用“web of science”(WOS)数据库搜索文献数据,并利用Citespace软件这一宏观知识计量的信息可视化工具进行科学图谱分析。通过Citespace科学计量软件在WOS数据库中进行搜索,主题词限定为“social construction of nature or social nature”,研究领域限定为Geography,时间跨度为1990~2015年共25 a间,共搜集到论文1 035篇相关论文。通过搜集到论文的文献出处、关键词等维度的系统分析,可以反映出1990年以来西方人文地理学中自然的社会建构的研究进展,并且通过相关研究进展特征的分析,可以为接下来进一步的归纳研究主题与重点提供依据。

运用CiteSpace软件对25 a来“自然的社会建构”论文的研究热点分析,图2显示了自然的社会建构研究文献的核心关键词,圆圈代表聚类程度。圆圈的半径越大,表明研究频次越高;颜色越偏向于暖色,则其被引时间越近;若出现红色外围,则表明其被引频次曾或仍在集聚增加。研究发现,自然的社会建构研究话题虽然较为丰富,但热点相对集中,可以归纳总结为政治、经济、文化及城市生活四大维度。4个维度均体现了自然的社会建构所倡导的话语意义与物质形态交互作用的理论主线。各主题间相互有所联系、交叉但又各有侧重,案例涉及微观至宏观的各个尺度。为探究西方人文地理学如何研究社会与自然的互动提供了较为全面且细致的典型案例参考。

图2   1990年以来“自然的社会建构”研究关键词

Fig.2   Statistics of key words about “social construction of nature” since 1990

3 自然的社会建构主要研究议题

3.1 政治与自然

自然环境与政治一直是人文地理学中传统且重要的研究议题。当学界开始聚焦于社会对自然的建构时,学者们发现权力的运作(power excise)并非只体现在为了争夺自然系统而产生的暴力与镇压,更多的是微观视野下的知识生产与建构过程。社会权力对自然环境的作用也并非仅仅局限于政治团体的政治活动范围之内,而是根植于涉及各个社会主体的社会活动的方方面面。自然是能够作为权力操纵的媒介与运作的对象而存在的。首先,自然会成为权力操纵的媒介。Rutherford提出了“绿色治理术”的概念,将科学知识与权力的互动问题引入了人与自然的互动机制之中[24],认为权力与知识彼此交融,权力生产知识,而知识则作为权力的表征传播权力的影响。例如关于气候变化的新闻媒介等视觉表征并不全然是在为气候变化提供证据,其对气候变化的刻画是镶嵌在权力与地缘政治知识的框架之中的[25]。其次,自然会成为权力运作的对象。权力在各国内部均呈现出结构性变化,开始由政府逐渐流散到非政府组织、跨国公司以及社区居民个体。当自然被当作资源加以利用时,社会权力对自然的影响与作用将会表现得尤为明显。由于不同社会主体会针对同一自然资源进行资源的争夺与博弈,从而形成一个重要的人文地理学分支——政治生态学(political ecology)。Robbins将政治生态学的研究领域分为环境变迁与边缘化、环境冲突、自然保育与控制以及环境认同与社会运动4个方面[26]。4个研究主题均与“冲突”密切相关,体现着自然情境中自下而上的“协商”与“抵抗”[27]。在自然的社会建构研究看来,地理学家应该以更加批判性的学术思维对“反叛的知识”生产多加关注,对看似“常识性”的自然进行解构,以剖析其内部权力运作的文化逻辑。

3.2 商品化与自然

Donat认为自然的商品化研究的核心除了商品本身之外,还应该包含被商品化后自然所承载的价值与意义[28]。研究商品化与自然的关系,需要关注自然被商品化的过程,以及商品化的自然如何影响社会[29]。一方面,在自然的社会建构研究中,自然事物的主体性得到了前所未有的认可与关注。这直接促成了“动物地理学”(animal geography)作为弥合人类社会与动物世界的新兴分支开始活跃在人文地理学的视野[4]。例如,学者们对于所谓动物消费品的伦理研究认为,其实动物伦理更多是一种关乎消费而非生产的伦理。野生动物一旦被抓获当做商品出售,无论是否被营救与再次野化放生,其本质都是将野生动物作为伴侣动物卷入人类主导的生物经济怪圈,并将它们与原本的主体性与生存空间强行割裂[30]。学者们认为,通过自然的社会建构探究弥合社会与自然关系的途径,既不应该否认动物内在的原始野性,也不能够忽视关注野生动物商品化的暴行[31]。另一方面,商品化与自然的互动也体现在商品化的自然对社会的建构中。西方新自由主义认为,任何自然资源均可以被商品化,资本应在自然资源商品化的过程中随意地流动。近年来,学者们开始将研究焦点集中于更加贴合社会需求的新兴自然商品。例如,Yeh以西藏冬虫夏草为例,发现由于虫草难以人工种植的生物特性,间接造成了藏族社区的不平等,而“靠天吃饭”的生计模式也使得藏族社区的社会经济结构由于城市居民“一时兴起”的消费潮流而变得脆弱不堪[32]。因此,仅从经济角度定义自然,并将自然定义为商品的过程其实是为迎合利益需求而建构了一套指向性明确的话语体系。在这一套话语不断强化的过程中,自然正在被包装上资本的外衣,作为物质与象征的集合体在各类经济活动中进行实践与展演。

3.3 社会情感与自然

自然的社会建构研究一直密切关注社会与自然互动过程中的情感响应,包括不同类型情感的建立与恢复。在人与自然重复互动的过程中,自然成为了社会与文化关系的载体与映射,蕴含着丰富的人类情感。伴随着人文地理学的“情感转向”转向,情感开始逐渐摆脱类似认同与否这样纯粹的主观范畴,空间性、开放性和关系性的情感得以确立。Kearns与Collins通过对新西兰北部的农乌鲁区域研究发现,由于长期生活在碧海蓝天的海岸线地带,居民对海岸不仅仅产生了单纯的地方认同感或者依恋感,还包涵了依附(connection)、神圣(sacredness)与敬畏(reverence)等一系列综合且复杂的情感。当面对海岸线大规模开发的压力,居民以抗议等实际行动展演着他们的忐忑与不安[33]。的确,镶嵌在地方文化情境中的情感是复杂、全面且综合的,需要人们在与自然互动的过程中持续不断地调试与协商。但当自然灾害来临时,毫无防范的冲击会使得情感的脆弱性(vulnerability)得以彰显。因此,在灾害过后原有情感的解构与重构就成为了学者们必须要关注的话题。自然灾害并不仅仅会引发心理学中关注的自杀意念、创伤后应激障碍等精神损害,还包含了悲伤、沮丧、焦虑等一系列的综合情感问题[34]。这些情感大多根植于地方,具有尺度层级,并且与地方的空间修复密切相关,因此,恢复时间更长且过程更为复杂多样。灾后恢复并非是建立那些可衡量的指标来测算数据,因为人们需要恢复的不仅是他们的房屋,更需要恢复的是他们长期栖居而建立的“家”的情感。“家”的情感恢复不仅关乎个人[35],更与家庭、社区及工作场所息息相关[36]。在自然的社会建构研究中,人类依托自然所建立的情感,会在不同尺度层级上以及与自然持续互动中不断地被建构、解构与重塑。

3.4 日常生活与自然

自然的社会建构研究认为,理解自然应该关注人们的日常生活实践,在不断重复的“栖居”中,自然将内化为社会的一部分,而社会亦会被特定自然的意义所标记。现代城市的许多日常生活空间开始承载生态功能,成为新兴人与自然的交互空间[37]。自然成为了每日在城市生活空间中被人们感知与体验的物质实在。街道对于城市的重要性不言而喻,就法国巴黎与蒙彼利埃两座城市的绿化工程而言,种植植物不仅仅是城市美化的过程,还使得街道这一市民日常频繁互动的流动性空间成为了诗意的“栖居”空间。美观的树木有效地约束了原本露宿街头、大声喧哗等一些不文明行为[38]。除了开放性的城市公共空间,段义孚还展示了人文地理学者对于日常生活视野下私密空间中人与自然关系的关注[39],认为人类在自然驯化过程中具有残忍而又矛盾的心理。在日常生活的情境之中,人与自然之间其实是一种复杂多元的陪伴、控制与爱恋关系。例如,就宠物狗而言,以往研究认为狗是主人“毛茸茸”的孩子(furry children),而Power发现现实生活并非全然如此,宠物狗对于主人而言存在着一种复杂的“他者性”关系,而正是这好恶交织的复杂关系在维系着宠物之家的存在[40]。除了饲养宠物,打理私家花园亦是家中具有多元价值、作用与意义的活动。不同的社会文化语境中花园与园艺所呈现与建构的意义也就不同。在新西兰,私家花园中对植物的设计、维持等园艺行为可以成为主人向来客炫耀与传递身份的媒介 [41]。而同样是园艺空间,位于南半球贫民窟的庭院与新西兰等发达国家的私家花园的功能与意义则显著不同。在这里的庭院承担了贫民“家”中的遮蔽与保护的功能性作用,成为了维持家庭生活不可分割的部分[42]

4 结论与展望

本文通过对西方文献中有关自然的社会建构主要话题与经典案例的分析认为,自然与社会并非是单纯一方决定另一方的关系,二者是相互作用且互相生产的,因此认识自然需要结合具体的社会文化情境。并且,自然的社会建构并非单纯指基于建构主义视角下考察有关于自然的知识生产或者社会赋予自然的价值与意义,还应该关注马克思主义地理学所倡导的自然的生产与商品化过程。这种物质上的影响与改变常常与价值及意义的赋予相辅相成,无法割裂、剥离。当自然从所谓科学主义与实证主义的范式中解放出来,开始在资本、权力、情感与日常生活中自由地流动,自然的社会建构就已经在政治生态学、文化经济学、情感地理学以及日常生活的地理学中彰显出越来越重要的地位与价值。

自然的社会建构研究响应了关注全球变化中发生在中国的环境变化的号召[8],国内地理学者亦开始加强地理学关于自然社会化的综合思考。已经有部分地理学者在本土地理学的相关研究中做出了卓越的探索,例如关于气候变化与社会经济系统变迁的互动关系[43]等问题的探讨。另亦有文献关注到本土社区自然的演化[44]、知识生产及其对现代环境保护的意义[45]。但立足中国区域社会文化背景,从政治、经济、情感以及日常生活等角度探讨自然的社会化过程并直接服务地方需求的研究仍显不足。鉴此,本文综合西方现有对自然的社会建构的典型研究案例并结合国内已有研究,提出以下中国人文地理学对自然的社会建构可能优先开展的研究议题:

1) 社会转型与自然的社会建构机制及其效应研究。从理论层面明晰,转型期自然物质形态改变与意义赋予的交互作用机理,对建构效应形成的关键元素与时空节点进行识别与验证。系统梳理、总结国内社会转型过程的模式、层面和特点,把握不同类型自然的社会建构特征和不同行动者对自然表征与实践的变化。

2) 自然的社会建构过程中的社会权力博弈研究。未来研究可以通过对有关自然系统的各类报道、政策进行文本与话语分析,以透彻理解建构过程对自然的物质形态与意义赋予造成了何种影响。具体可开展的议题如,宏观方面的全球环境治理框架下中国的地位演变与驱动力机制、国内生态污染(雾霾等)与国际形象的建构与传播等。微观方面的话题如,地方环境变迁与社会环保运动发展、自然保育的机制与效应以及本土社区地方性知识与环境治理(荒漠化、石漠化等)等。

3) 资本对自然的建构与重塑研究。国内学者已经对水、石油等自然资源的商品化过程进行了关注[46],未来研究可以在全面分析与把握重要的非人类(nonhuman)行动者基础上,研究资本对地方自然资源进行商品化包装与开发的过程中,自然意义的跨地方对话与跨尺度升级对原产本土社区的建构效应。深入探究跟随市场经济进行价值波动的自然商品与以本地社区居民及企业为主的不同行动者的生境协商。

4) 自然的社会建构过程中的情感响应研究。未来可尝试对不同时空情境下人对自然的情感变迁与恢复过程进行研究,讨论在不同时期自然形态变化的不同阶段中,自然的意义认知与以往有何不同,从而厘清自然的物质空间与情感空间的关联性。例如,随着国营矿场或林场的关闭,地方矿区、林区工人面临的不仅仅是转业等生计问题,其长期依托自然资源建立的情感应该何去何从尚待地理学者深入思考。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.


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https://doi.org/10.1191/030913297671906269      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

ABSTRACT The dualism between society and nature and the processes by which nature is being socially constructed has become an area of increasing concern and interest to geographers in recent years. In this article, the abstract and concrete inter-relationships between nature and society will be problematized, drawing on the work of Lacko, Wittgenstein, Harre, Bourdieu and Lefebvre, among others. A number of concepts that will enable us to work across the boundaries conceived to exist between the physical, the mental and the social and thus of great importance for the analysis of the social construction of nature will be proposed.
[6] Woodgate G,Redclift M.

From a ‘sociology of nature’to environmental sociology: Beyond social construction

[J]. Environmental values, 1998, 7(1): 3-24.

https://doi.org/10.3197/096327198129341447      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

This paper aims to provide some theoretical starting points for constructing a social science approach to environmental issues which goes beyond narrower forms of constructivism without dismissing the importance of interpretative sociology. An ecological understanding of society is compared with the notion of structuration and integrated into the concept of coevolution in order to shed light on the dynamic nature of socioenvironmental relations and move beyond the constructivist/realist dualism.
[7] Proctor J D.

The social construction of nature: Relativist accusations, pragmatist and critical realist responses

[J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1998, 88(3): 352-376.

https://doi.org/10.1111/0004-5608.00105      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Social constructivists argue that what we call ature isfar less universal and extrahuman than generally assumed. Yet this argument has been vigorously attacked by some natural scientists and other scholars due to what they perceive as its dangerous flirtation with relativism. I introduce this debate by reference to a recent controversy over the concept of wilderness, an important icon of nature in North America. I then define several forms of relativism, and compare two contemporary bodies of thought that are in broad agreement with social constructivism, yet do not promote strong forms of relativism: critical realism and pragmatism. For its part, critical realism is marked by a qualified, though vigorous, rejection of strong forms of relativism in understanding nature, whereas pragmatism involves more of an agnostic response, a sense that the so-called problem of relativism is not as serious as critics of the social-construction-of-nature argument would believe. Taken together, the two approaches offer more than either one alone, as they both suggest important truths about nature, albeit generally at different scales. Ultimately, pragmatists and critical realists alike admit that allknowledges are partial and a certain degree of relativism is thus unavoidable; yet they both, in a sort of tense complementarity, point to ways that geographers and others whose business and concern it is to represent nature can indeed have something to say.
[8] 陆大道.

中国地理学的发展与全球变化研究

[J]. 地理学报, 2011, 66(2): 147-156.

[本文引用: 2]     

[Lu Dadao.

Development of geographical sciences and research on global change in China.

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(2): 147-156.]

[本文引用: 2]     

[9] Williams R.

Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society (2nd ed)

[M]. London: Flamingo, 1983:221.

[本文引用: 1]     

[10] 莱斯利·A·豪.

哈贝马斯

[M]. 陈志刚,译.北京: 中华书局,2002:8-20.

[本文引用: 1]     

[Howe A L. Habermas.

Translated by Chen Zhigang.

Beijing: Zhonghua book company,2002: 8-20.]

[本文引用: 1]     

[11] Castree N.

Social nature: Theory, practice, and politics

[M]. Oxford, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2001.

[本文引用: 2]     

[12] Hung P Y.

Tea Production, Land Use Politics, and Ethnic Minorities: Struggling over Dilemmas in China’s Southwest Frontier

[M]. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.

[本文引用: 1]     

[13] Demeritt D.

The nature of metaphors in cultural geography and environmental history

[J]. Progress in human geography, 1994, 18: 163-163.

https://doi.org/10.1177/030913259401800203      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

ABSTRACT My selective review of metaphors in environmental history and cultural geography is intended to point the way towards some new metaphorical terrain, indicated by the work of B. Latour and D. Haraway. Approaching the world from this general direction, environmental historians and cultural geographers might make more sense to one another. In very different ways, Latour and Haraway each provide metaphoric tools that make it possible to imagine nature as both a real material actor and a socially constructed object without reducing it, ultimately, to a single pole of the nature/culture dualism. The work of Latour and Haraway is vitally important because it provides a new vocabulary for discussing nature as a monstrous hybrid, a lively, if socially constructed actor. The final part of the article will discuss the different ways their metaphors enframe nature and enable us to think about it simultaneously as an embodied material actor and as a socially constructed object. -from Author
[14] Castree N.

The nature of produced nature: Materiality and knowledge construction in Marxism

[J]. Antipode, 1995, 27(1): 12-48.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1995.tb00260.x      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

This paper reflects upon the progress and prospects of the "production of nature' thesis within Marxist geography. Pivoting around a distinction made by George Canguihelm between "theories' and "concepts,' the argument is two-fold. First, it is suggested that Marxist geographical accounts of produced nature underplay the materiality of produced nature. A general theoretical account is then presented wherein historical materialist concepts can register the materiality of produced nature. Second, it is suggested that Marxist geographical accounts of produced nature insufficiently problematize the concept of nature deployed within their theoretical-explanatory frameworks. A discussion of "cultural studies of science' is then presented in order to problematize that conception. In the final part of the paper an attempt is made to reconcile the ontological realism of the first part and epistemological skepticism of the second by arguing that Marxist geographers must see produced nature as simultaneously a constellation of ontologically real and yet epistemologically-conceptually "fixed' entities.
[15] 解雪峰, 濮励杰, 朱明, .

土壤水盐运移模型研究进展及展望

[J].地理科学, 2016, 36(10): 1565-1572.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

回顾了国内外土壤水盐运移模型的发展历程,根据土壤水盐运移模型构成的原理和发展趋势,将土壤水盐运移模型分为水盐平衡模型、物理模型和系统模型。借助国内外文献对已有模型的原理和应用进行了介绍,并对存在的问题进行了分析;展望了新形势下土壤水盐运移模型的未来发展趋势和研究重点,旨在为今后土壤水盐运移模型研究提供新的思路。

[Xie Xuefeng, Pu Lijie, Zhu Ming et al.

Evolution and prospects in modeling of water and salt transport in soils.

Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(10): 1565-1572.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

回顾了国内外土壤水盐运移模型的发展历程,根据土壤水盐运移模型构成的原理和发展趋势,将土壤水盐运移模型分为水盐平衡模型、物理模型和系统模型。借助国内外文献对已有模型的原理和应用进行了介绍,并对存在的问题进行了分析;展望了新形势下土壤水盐运移模型的未来发展趋势和研究重点,旨在为今后土壤水盐运移模型研究提供新的思路。
[16] 胡刚, 宋慧, 石星军.

基于单位汇水面积的地形因子特征评价

[J].地理科学, 2016, 36(4): 621-627.

https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.04.017      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

<p>探讨了典型黑土区基于单位汇水面积的LS因子算法与传统基于径流路径长度算法的差异。研究表明,在研究区坡长坡缓的地形条件下,基于单位汇水面积的LS因子算法值普遍要大于基于径流路径长度算法的LS因子值;在有限的坡度范围内,不同算法的坡度因子相差不大,与之相比,不同算法的坡长因子值差别明显,特别是对于坡长指数采用定值的Govers算法更是如此。这说明在研究区坡长坡缓的地形条件下,坡长因子对LS因子算法的响应更为敏感。同时,侵蚀机理分析得出,坡长因子指数采用与坡度有关的变值更为合理,特别是在采用DEM进行大范围土壤侵蚀量预测时更应如此。</p>

[Hu Gang, Song Hui, Shi Xingjun.

Evaluation of topography factors based on the unit contributing catchment area.

Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(4): 621-627.]

https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.04.017      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

<p>探讨了典型黑土区基于单位汇水面积的LS因子算法与传统基于径流路径长度算法的差异。研究表明,在研究区坡长坡缓的地形条件下,基于单位汇水面积的LS因子算法值普遍要大于基于径流路径长度算法的LS因子值;在有限的坡度范围内,不同算法的坡度因子相差不大,与之相比,不同算法的坡长因子值差别明显,特别是对于坡长指数采用定值的Govers算法更是如此。这说明在研究区坡长坡缓的地形条件下,坡长因子对LS因子算法的响应更为敏感。同时,侵蚀机理分析得出,坡长因子指数采用与坡度有关的变值更为合理,特别是在采用DEM进行大范围土壤侵蚀量预测时更应如此。</p>
[17] Castree N.

False antitheses? Marxism, nature and actor-networks

[J]. Antipode, 2002, 34(1): 111-146.

https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8330.00228      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Abstract This paper stages an encounter between two critical approaches that have been central to the recent “greening” of left geography. The theoretical and normative claims of the first approach, eco-Marxism, have been subject to sometimes biting criticism from advocates of the second approach, actor-network theory (ANT). Taking a nonorthodox Marxist perspective, I argue that the ANT critique of political economy approaches to nature is overstated and only partly defensible. By distinguishing between different modalities of eco-Marxism and ANT, I show the seeming standoff between the two approaches to society-nature relations to be false. Splitting the difference between a weak version of ANT and a relational version of eco-Marxism yields a political economy approach to socionature that arguably avoids the excesses of strong modalities of ANT and dualistic forms of eco-Marxism. By seeking to bridge the apparent gap between Marxism and ANT, the paper avoids reducing either approach to society-nature relations to one fixed position or theoretical-normative “essence”. Instead, a particular modality of ANT is used to address the weaknesses of certain extant versions of eco-Marxism. The resulting synthesis offers conceptual tools with which Marxists can still critique a pervasive mode of human relationality to nature–namely, capitalist–while multiplying the actors and complicating the politics involved in approaching the society-environment nexus.
[18] Demeritt D.

What is the ‘social construction of nature’? A typology and sympathetic critique

[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 2002, 26(6): 767-790.

https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132502ph402oa      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Abstract This paper seeks to clarify what is meant by the ‘social construction of nature’, which has become a crude but common term used to describe very different understandings of nature, knowledge and the world. I distinguish two broad varieties of construction talk in the social sciences: construction-as-refutation and construction-as-philosophical-critique. The first uses the construction metaphor to refute false beliefs about the world and is consistent with orthodox philosophical stances, such as positivism and realism. By contrast, I identify four other, more radical sorts of construction-as-philosophical-critique that use the construction metaphor to question the culture/nature, subject/object and representation/reality dualisms that provide the conventional philosophical foundation for distinguishing true conceptions of nature from false ones. Another source of confusion has been the question of precisely what is meant by the term ‘nature’. Making distinctions among different senses of that term can provide some badly needed clarity in debates about the social construction of nature. It also highlights a broad difference between those for whom the social construction of nature refers to the construction of our concepts of nature and those for whom the construction of nature refers to the process of constructing nature in the physical and material sense. That distinction, in turn, suggests two major, if also somewhat related, points of theoretical contention: first, the epistemological significance of understanding concepts of nature as constructed; second, the philosophical and political implications of arguing that nature is a socially constructed and contingent phenomenon. These are difficult philosophical and political questions, and the variety of constructionisms suggests that it is possible to answer them in a number of different ways.
[19] Braun B, Castree N (

Eds). Remaking reality:Nature at the millennium

[M]. London: Routledge,2005:3-18.

[本文引用: 1]     

[20] Harvey D.

Justice, nature and the geography of difference

[M]. Oxford: Blackwell,1996.

[本文引用: 1]     

[21] Smith N.

Uneven development: Nature, capital and the production of space

[M]. New York: Blackwell, 1984.

[本文引用: 1]     

[22] Castree N.

Nature

[M]. New York: Routledge, 2005.

[本文引用: 1]     

[23] Castree N.

Making sense of nature

[M]. New York: Routledge, 2014.

[本文引用: 1]     

[24] Rutherford S.

Green governmentality: Insights and opportunities in the study of nature’s rule

[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 2007, 31(3): 291-307.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132507077080      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

ABSTRACT This article seeks to unpack notions of governmentality by reading it through the case of nature. By highlighting three key aspects of governmentality - its analytics of power, biopolitics, and technologies of the self - I argue that this approach presents a promising theoretical trend for those who study nature and its rule. However, there have been critiques leveled at this approach which must be considered. Using examples drawn from human/non-human interactions, I explore how the governmentality literature needs to be made more complex and attune to difference. In the final analysis, I argue that the concept of governmentality is not only an effective tool for geographers, but that geography provides a particularly insightful lens with its attention to spatiality, scale, territory and human/non-human relations that enrich the analysis of the making of governable spaces.
[25] Manzo K.

Earthworks: The geopolitical visions of climate change cartoons

[J]. Political Geography, 2012, 31(8): 481-494.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2012.09.001      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

This paper asks how climate change cartoons work to communicate geopolitical visions of time, space and power. I make the argument that visuality is integral to climate change communication in ways that are frequently paradoxical. Dominant visual forms of evidence and iconic images help to make climate change real while simultaneously impeding full understanding of the debates and issues around climate change. In this context, at a time when visuality and climate change discourse have become co-constitutive, the paper explores the capacity of political cartoons to effectively represent the geopolitics of climate change. The empirical focus is the data set of cartoons submitted in 2008 to an international political cartoon competition called Earthworks. The entries collectively represent different geopolitical visions of climate change. They also suggest a critical role for cartoons in climate change communication not as purveyors of visual evidence of climate change but as effective forms of visual commentary on the relations of power and knowledge within which climate change communication and debates are located.
[26] Robbins P.

Political ecology: A critical introduction

[M]. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2011:12.

[本文引用: 1]     

[27] Neumann R P.

Political ecology: Theorizing scale

[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 2009, 33(3): 398.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132508096353      URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[28] Dant T.Material culture in the social world[M]. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1999.

[本文引用: 1]     

[29] Castree N.

Commodifying what nature?

[J]. Progress in human Geography, 2003, 27(3): 273-297.

https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132503ph428oa      URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[30] Collard R C.

Putting animals back together, taking commodities apart

[J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2014, 104(1): 151-165.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2013.847750      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Each year ARCAS Wildlife Rehabilitation Center in northern Guatemala receives 200 to 700 animals: cardboard boxes stuffed with baby parrots, crates full of lizards, monkeys with leashes ringing their necks. Many of these animals were confiscated while being smuggled for the pet trade. Seized animals represent a fraction of overall trade (legal and illegal) in and out of Guatemala and of global trade, worth tens of billions of dollars annually. Forming wild animals into companion commodities in these bio-economic circuits involves severing them from their social, ecological, and familial networks and replacing these systems with human-provided supports: food, shelter, and diversion. Many of these commodities fail because the animals die. For the few animals that are confiscated alive, rehabilitation for return to the wild is a form of decommodification attempted through various misanthropic practices—actions and routines designed to instill in animals fear and even hatred of humans—that aim to divest animals of human ties. This article draws on participant observation and interview fieldwork and socioeconomic scholarship to critically examine the dual processes of making and unmaking lively companion commodities. It suggests that commodification and decommodification are not processes of “denaturing” and “renaturing,” respectively. Rather, following Haraway and Smith, they are both productions of particular natures. This article considers the differential contours and subjects of these natures, as well as their ecological and ethical stakes, concluding by suggesting that the collapse of the culture–nature dualism should not preclude acknowledgment of nonhuman animals’ wildness and the violence that can attend its attrition.
[31] Lulka D.

The residual humanism of hybridity: Retaining a sense of the earth

[J]. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 2009, 34(3): 378-393.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2009.00346.x      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

The concept of hybridity has become an influential theoretical tool for examining and reconsidering relations between society and nature. Although benefits have accrued from this school of thought, this paper contends the deployment of hybridity within the geographic discipline falls short of its reconstitutional claims. These shortcomings are a consequence of the original sources used to develop the language and logic of hybridity. Although the concept of hybridity has a long history in the biological sciences, the utilisation of hybridity in the geographic discipline has predominantly relied upon evolving theories developed in science and technology studies. This paper indicates how Haraway's cyborg and Latour's Middle Kingdom limit the scope of hybridity by portraying humanity as central to hybridity. The pervasive centrality of humans within the literature on hybridity (1) limits the ability of geographers to embrace poststructuralism in its entirety and (2) diminishes the discipline's claim to credibly represent the (natural) landscape. This paper argues for a thicker hybridity by borrowing from emergent theories in the biological sciences, wherein hybridity is conceived as a common occurrence that frequently takes place outside the direct purview of society. Rather than reifying nature, thick hybridity forces society to embrace environmental uncertainty more than it has heretofore.
[32] Yeh E T, Lama K T.

Following the caterpillar fungus: Nature, commodity chains, and the place of Tibet in China’s uneven geographies

[J]. Social & Cultural Geography, 2013, 14(3): 318-340.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2013.765025      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Following caterpillar fungus as it travels from the Tibetan Plateau to wealthy Chinese consumers, this article makes several interventions into geographical studies of commodity chains. First, it argues for an expansion beyond the usual call to connect the political economy of production with cultures of consumption; the cultural politics of production and political economies of consumption must also be considered. Second, it argues for bringing together political economy and more-than-human analytical approaches to commodity chains, showing how nature and the nonhuman play a key role in an assemblage that has allowed Tibetans to navigate livelihoods in a rapidly changing economy. This challenges a tendency to assume a universal figure of he human in more-than-human geographies. Third, by connecting the erasure of Tibetans from representations of various natures used to sell caterpillar fungus with the broader politics of Tibetans within the People's Republic of China, we show that commodity fetishism can conceal not just labor relations, but also political struggles not reducible to class. Finally, we show that following a small fungus can shed light on the unevenness of China's capitalist development obscured in monolithic narratives of China's rise, demonstrating the value of expanding commodity chain studies beyond those that end with Western consumers.
[33] Kearns R, Collins D.

Feeling for the coast: The place of emotion in resistance to residential development

[J]. Social & Cultural Geography, 2012, 13(8): 937-955.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2012.730150      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

This paper considers the feelings that are evoked in, and by, coastal places. We are particularly interested in how emotional connections with the coastal environment can be a resource and motivation for place-protective action. We draw on stakeholder interviews undertaken in the northern New Zealand locality of Ngunguru in 2008–2009. This site was a ‘hot spot’ of community concern around a proposed major residential development. Our data reveal the depths of feelings for the character of the coastline, as well as the capacity of such feelings to generate mobilisation against change. These feelings encompassed general anxiety about coastal development in New Zealand and outrage at its motivations. Respondents also articulated a particular love for the Ngunguru coast, encompassing feelings of connection, sacredness and reverence. We conclude that concern for feelings is critical to understanding what is at stake in contests around coastal development. While these contests also entail the more readily quantified issues that tend to be highlighted in both planning and academic contexts, the nature of human affection for the coast means that emotions can play a formative role in shaping local understandings and motivating actions.
[34] Bonanno G A, Brewin C R, Kaniasty K et al.

Weighing the costs of disaster consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities

[J]. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 2010, 11(1): 1-49.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100610387086      URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[35] Eriksen C, Gill N.

Bushfire and everyday life: Examining the awareness-action ‘gap’ in changing rural landscapes

[J]. Geoforum, 2010, 41(5): 814-825.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2010.05.004      URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[36] Whittle R, Walker M, Medd W et al.

Flood of emotions: emotional work and long-term disaster recovery

[J]. Emotion, space and society, 2012, 5(1): 60-69.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2011.08.002      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

This paper uses concepts of emotion work and emotional labour to explore people’s experiences of the long-term disaster recovery process. It draws on data taken from two qualitative research projects which looked at adults’ and children’s recovery from the floods of June 2007 in Hull, UK. The paper argues that the emotional work of recovery cannot be separated from the physical and practical work of recovering the built environment. It shows that a focus on emotion work can lead to a more nuanced understanding of what recovery actually means and who is involved, leading to the identification of hidden vulnerabilities and a better understanding of the longer timescales involved in the process.
[37] Datta A.

Gendered nature and urban culture: The dialectics of gated developments in Izmir, Turkey

[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2014, 38(4): 1363-1383.

https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12081      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

This article adds to recent debates on the emergence of new forms of private gated developments in Turkey that specifically target the upper middle classes. In particular, it focuses on the rise of residential gated developments along the Izmir‐Ce06me expressway to highlight how the dialectics between gender, nature and culture are reinforced in these places. The article, based on a case study of three gated developments in this region, suggests that their production is made possible through a series of dualisms between nature and culture, mobility and fixity, urban public life and gendered domesticity, urban modernity and rural parochialism, polluted city and healthy town. Based on interviews with architects, developers and residents, as well as local‐authority officials in Urla town who sanction these developments, this article argues that contradictions between different sets of dualisms form a central aspect of the processes through which these developments were designed, produced, marketed and inhabited. Taken collectively, these contradictions point broadly to the limits of gated communities in creating stable, adaptable and sustainable patterns of development in Turkey and the global South.
[38] Pellegrini P, Baudry S.

Streets as new places to bring together both humans and plants: Examples from Paris and Montpellier (France)

[J]. Social & Cultural Geography,2014,15(8): 871-900.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2014.974067      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Greening public city space is a growing issue in France. With examples drawn from Paris and Montpellier, this article seeks to understand what happens when city-dwellers green the public space outside their door and when policies encourage spontaneous flora on the street. Plants were already part of ancient cities and have been a tool for urban planning since the nineteenth century leading to the development of public green spaces and street-tree planting. Urban ecology sparked an interest for spontaneous flora in the 1980s. Public policies concerning water, climate, and biodiversity have been trying to take this unbidden vegetation into consideration since the beginning of this century. Besides, the social sciences have shown that city-dwellers are interested in plants to embellish their balcony, and in city gardens and parks. We tried to find out if this vegetation can be more than just a tool to plan, to green, to bring biodiversity, and to beautify urban space. We argue that letting planted and unbidden flora colonize sidewalks and allowing people to act directly on it brings residents and plants to co-inhabit and co-domesticate the streets, and challenges the timelessness of a city by introducing a life cycle.
[39] Tuan Y F.Dominance & affection: The making of pets[M]. New Havern: Yale University Press, 1984.

[本文引用: 1]     

[40] Power E.

Furry families: making a human-dog family through home

[J]. Social & Cultural Geography, 2008, 9(5): 535-555.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14649360802217790      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

The last fifty years have seen dogs increasingly drawn into the home as family members. While the health and social implications of these relatings have been the focus of much research, the everyday practices by which more-than-human families are constituted have received little attention. The paper draws on interviews with, and diaries recorded by, new dog owners in 2006–2007. It highlights three ways that dogs became family in and through the home. First, describing dogs as ‘furry children’, participants emphasised the time spent caring for dogs. Second, engaging with dogs as ‘pack animals’, participants discussed an inherent ‘otherness’ that shaped family relations, and reconceptualised the human-family as a pack relation. Third, the individual agency of dogs was recognised as shaping family and home. However, these familial relatings were often tenuous as humans were faced with the particular character and ‘otherness’ of dogs. While the majority experienced a strengthening of family ties following the introduction of a dog, a number of individuals discussed the divisive impact of this experience. The paper extends debates about family and home, broadening family beyond biological relations to include more-than-human relationships forged through cohabitation and interaction.
[41] Longhurst R.

Plots, plants and paradoxes: Contemporary domestic gardens in Aotearoa/New Zealand

[J]. Social & Cultural Geography, 2006, 7(4): 581-593.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14649360600825729      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Currently, gardens, gardening and horticulture lots and plants re receiving increasing attention from geographers and others interested in spatial disciplines because they provide a useful lens for understanding the complex politics surrounding social and cultural life. In this paper I aim to add to this literature by examining contemporary domestic gardens as paradoxical spaces. The paper begins by outlining some of the reasons for choosing to examine contemporary domestic gardens. Following this is a brief review of a range of geographical literature on gardens, gardening and horticulture. The paper then presents data collected on domestic gardens and gardening practices in Hamilton and Auckland, Aotearoa/New Zealand to illustrate that domestic gardens are paradoxical spaces where the binaries nature and culture, private and public, individuality and sociality, leisure and work, and colonial and postcolonial are destabilized. The paper concludes that although domestic gardens are paradoxical spaces, this does not necessarily mean that they pose a threat or danger because of their ambiguity, or that they are sites of radical politics. Rather domestic gardens are spaces where it is possible to reinforce hegemonic geographies and/or create alternative ones.
[42] Shillington L.

Being (s) in relation at home: Socio-natures of patio ‘gardens’ in Managua, Nicaragua

[J]. Social & Cultural Geography, 2008, 9(7): 755-776.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14649360802382560      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Human–nature relations of home have been gaining more attention in geography, especially in the study of gardens. This article contributes to this growing literature, but in contrast to much research, it examines human–nature relations in the patios (garden) of homes in a marginalized barrio (slum) of Managua, Nicaragua. I suggest that the human–nature relations in these patios need to be understood differently than those in North American and European gardens. Based on research carried out in Managua, I argue that such relations are at the centre of everyday domestic activities and are critical in producing home as a liveable space in the city. The article draws on feminist geographic understandings of home and current work around human–environment relations, and identifies three different sets of socio-ecological relations: corporeal, aesthetic and economic. It argues that these three different relations between humans and the plants and trees in their patios are critical in the imaginaries around home and in the production of habitable spaces in cities, as well as to our understanding of urban natures.
[43] 魏柱灯, 方修琦, 苏筠.

气候变化对中国古代财政平衡的影响

[J].地理科学, 2015, 35(9): 1156-1163.

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

以当代历史和经济史著作为资料,建立与历朝财政盈亏状态相关词汇的语义分级标准,重建了中国自秦朝至清末(220 BC~1910 AD)10 a 分辨率的财政等级序列,并分析其与气候变化的关系。结果表明,秦朝至清末的财政平衡大体经历了4 个相对充裕阶段(220 BC~31 BC,441~760 AD,961~1210 AD,1381~1910 AD)和3 个相对匮乏阶段(30 BC~440 AD,761~960 AD,1211~1380 AD)。财政危机在寒冷-干旱的气候背景下爆发的可能性最大。财政平衡与温度和降水变化均成正相关,财政平衡的趋势性变化受长期的温度和降水变化影响较为明显。但受多因素的复杂反馈环节影响,两者在某些时段呈现反相位关系。

[Wei Zhudeng, Fang Xiuqi, Su Yun.

Climate impacts on the fiscal balance in ancient China.

Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(9): 1156-1163.]

Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

以当代历史和经济史著作为资料,建立与历朝财政盈亏状态相关词汇的语义分级标准,重建了中国自秦朝至清末(220 BC~1910 AD)10 a 分辨率的财政等级序列,并分析其与气候变化的关系。结果表明,秦朝至清末的财政平衡大体经历了4 个相对充裕阶段(220 BC~31 BC,441~760 AD,961~1210 AD,1381~1910 AD)和3 个相对匮乏阶段(30 BC~440 AD,761~960 AD,1211~1380 AD)。财政危机在寒冷-干旱的气候背景下爆发的可能性最大。财政平衡与温度和降水变化均成正相关,财政平衡的趋势性变化受长期的温度和降水变化影响较为明显。但受多因素的复杂反馈环节影响,两者在某些时段呈现反相位关系。

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