云南省旅游资源与生态安全协调发展的时空演化特征及障碍因子分析
赵书虹(1975−),女,云南昆明人,教授,硕导,主要从事旅游经济研究。E-mail: 396342605@qq.com |
收稿日期: 2020-10-17
网络出版日期: 2021-05-11
基金资助
国家社会科学基金项目(20BJY208)资助
版权
Spatio-temporal Evolution Characteristics and Obstacle Factors of Coordinated Development of Tourism Resources and Ecological Security in Yunnan Province
Received date: 2020-10-17
Online published: 2021-05-11
Supported by
National Social Science Foundation of China (20BJY208)
Copyright
自然、经济和社会构成的复合生态系统为旅游资源的赋存和开发提供条件,而丰富的旅游资源不仅能够促进旅游业发展,也为推动社会经济发展和自然环境保护提供了重要力量。运用线性加权法、耦合协调度模型和趋势分析等方法探究了云南省16个州市旅游资源与生态安全耦合协调发展现状及其障碍因子,研究发现:① 尽管云南87.50%的州市旅游资源与生态安全处于中度耦合协调发展阶段,两系统具有明显的耦合互动关系,但整体耦合协调发展趋于稳定,且呈现以昆明市为核心的“核心−边缘”结构,耦合协调发展水平仍需增强,空间分布格局有待完善。② 从局部演化特征来看,除滇中和滇东南旅游区,其余四大旅游区耦合协调度空间差异逐渐缩小,旅游业发展具有一定的“扩散效应”。③ 50%的州市旅游资源障碍度具有“组合度>品位度>类型>丰度”的特征,而生态安全障碍度层面,旅游发展和生态环境质量不高,旅游业和社会经济发展驱动力不足,生态安全响应机制不健全是影响两者耦合协调发展的主要因素。
赵书虹 , 白梦 , 阮梦枝 , 钱海燕 . 云南省旅游资源与生态安全协调发展的时空演化特征及障碍因子分析[J]. 地理科学, 2021 , 41(3) : 493 -503 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2021.03.014
The complex ecosystem composed of nature, economy and society provides conditions for the existence and development of tourism resources. At the same time, rich tourism resources can not only promote the development of tourism, but also provide an important force for promoting economic development and natural environment protection. Using the methods of linear weight, coupling coordination degree model and trend analysis, this paper explores the current situation and obstacle factors of the coupling coordination development of tourism resources and ecological security in the sixteen areas of Yunnan Province. The results show that: ① Although 87.50% of the states and cities are in the stage of moderate coupling coordinated development of tourism resources and ecological security, the overall coupling coordinated development tends to be stable and presents a “core-periphery” structure with Kunming as the core. Thus, the coupling coordinated development needs to be improved. ② Except for the tourism areas in central and southeast Yunnan, the spatial differences of coupling coordinated development of the other four tourism areas are gradually narrowing from the local evolution characteristics, and the tourism development shows a certain “diffusion effect”. ③ The obstacle degree of 50% of the states and cities’ tourism resources have the characteristics of “combination degree > grade degree > type > abundance”. On the aspect of ecological security obstacle degree, the main factors that affect the coupling coordination development of the two systems are the low quality of tourism development and ecological environment, the insufficient driving force of tourism and socio-economic development, and the imperfect response mechanism of ecological security.
表 1 旅游资源评价指标Table 1 Evaluation index of tourism resources |
系统层 | 准则层 | 指标层 | 测算过程 |
旅游资源 | 旅游资源丰度(A) | 相对丰度(A1) | 相对丰度 qij即i州市j类旅游资源的数量;wj即j类旅游资源的权重;si即i州市的面积;pi即i州市的人口数量[15] |
绝对丰度(A2) | |||
旅游资源类型(B) | 综合型旅游资源(B1) | i州市拥有的国家级风景名胜区、全国优秀旅游城市、国家水利风景区、5A、4A和3A级旅游景区的数量分别乘以对应权重之和 | |
自然型旅游资源(B2) | i州市拥有的世界自然遗产、国家级、省级和市(县)级自然保护区、国家级和省级森林公园、国家级和省级地质公园、国家级湿地公园的数量分别乘以对应权重之和 | ||
人文型旅游资源(B3) | i州市拥有的国家历史文化名城、全国农业(工业)旅游示范点、国家级特色小镇、国家历史文化名村(镇)、国家级少数民族特色村寨、全国重点文化保护单位、省级民族特色旅游村寨、省级少数民族特色村寨、中国传统村落数量分别乘以对应权重之和。 | ||
旅游资源品位度(C) | 世界级旅游资源品位度(C1) | i州市j类旅游资源品位度[14]: 资源的数量,wj即j类旅游资源的权重 | |
国家级旅游资源品位度(C2) | |||
省级级旅游资源品位度(C3) | |||
旅游资源组合度(E) | 高速公路和一级公路网密度(E1) | 各州市高速公路和一级公路里程与面积之比 | |
铁路站点密度(E2) | 各州市铁路站点数量与面积之比 | ||
航空线路通行能力(E3) | 机场的全年旅客吞吐量除以全年天数 | ||
航空线路通行规模(E4) | 全年飞机起降架次与全年天数之比 | ||
星级饭店密度(E5) | 各州市星级饭店数量与面积之比 | ||
旅行社密度 (E6) | 各州市旅行社数量与面积之比 |
表 2 旅游地生态安全评价指标Table 2 Ecological security evaluation index of tourism destination |
系统层 | 准则层 | 指标层 | 性质 |
生态安全 | 驱动力(D) | 人均GDP/元;人口自然增长率/‰;人口密度/(人/km2);旅游收入增长率/%;旅游人次增长率/%;社会消费品总额/亿元 | 负向 |
压力(P) | 人口城镇化率/%;土地城镇化率/%;生活污水排放量/104 t;工业废气排放量(108 m3);工业固体废物产生量/104 t | 负向 | |
状态(S) | 人均公园绿地面积/m2;天然湿地面积/km2;绿化覆盖面积/km2;空气污染综合指数 | 除空气污染综合指数外, 其他均为正向指标 | |
影响(I) | 旅游收入占GDP比例/%;居民人均旅游收入/元;住宿和餐营就业人数/104人;交通运输、仓储和邮政业就业人数/104人;文化、体育和娱乐业就业人数/104人 | 正向 | |
响应(R) | 城市污水处理率/%;工业固体废物综合利用率/%;工业用水重复利用率/%;造林面积/hm2 | 正向 |
表 3 2009—2018年云南旅游资源与生态安全耦合协调度统计特征及其分布区间占比/%Table 3 Statistical characteristics and distribution interval of coupling coordination of tourism resources and ecological security in Yunnan from 2009 to 2018% |
2009年 | 2010年 | 2011年 | 2012年 | 2013年 | 2014年 | 2015年 | 2016年 | 2017年 | 2018年 | ||
耦合协调度等级区间 | (0.00,0.03] | 12.50 | 12.50 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 18.75 | 12.50 | 6.25 |
(0.30,0.50] | 81.25 | 81.25 | 87.50 | 87.50 | 87.50 | 87.50 | 87.50 | 75.00 | 81.25 | 87.50 | |
(0.50,0.80] | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | |
(0.80,1.00] | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
统计特征 | 平均值 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 |
方差 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
极差 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
表 4 旅游资源与生态安全准则层障碍因子平均值/%Table 4 Average value of criterion layer barrier factors in tourism resources and ecological security/% |
旅游资源 | 生态安全 | |||||||||
丰度 | 类型 | 品位度 | 组合度 | 驱动力 | 压力 | 状态 | 影响 | 响应 | ||
昆明 | 6.29 | 8.07 | 7.27 | 3.38 | 5.31 | 3.75 | 15.56 | 31.13 | 8.91 | |
曲靖 | 15.48 | 18.01 | 19.52 | 34.37 | 7.77 | 3.82 | 6.49 | 6.92 | 10.52 | |
玉溪 | 12.96 | 20.14 | 20.99 | 35.34 | 7.38 | 6.78 | 9.88 | 6.84 | 7.75 | |
保山 | 15.22 | 22.14 | 21.13 | 40.27 | 9.17 | 8.77 | 6.07 | 6.56 | 6.15 | |
昭通 | 19.68 | 23.51 | 25.88 | 40.59 | 6.20 | 8.36 | 5.46 | 5.96 | 8.59 | |
丽江 | 6.35 | 17.94 | 13.75 | 32.63 | 9.75 | 7.86 | 11.38 | 19.83 | 8.09 | |
普洱 | 16.45 | 19.96 | 18.89 | 43.64 | 8.31 | 8.41 | 9.35 | 6.56 | 5.22 | |
临沧 | 17.99 | 24.19 | 21.45 | 45.77 | 8.74 | 8.72 | 5.70 | 5.44 | 7.64 | |
楚雄 | 15.90 | 19.04 | 20.27 | 41.21 | 9.06 | 8.42 | 8.25 | 6.42 | 9.32 | |
红河 | 9.39 | 11.10 | 12.02 | 34.63 | 8.33 | 5.42 | 8.39 | 7.75 | 9.19 | |
文山 | 19.73 | 24.74 | 18.25 | 42.59 | 8.67 | 7.27 | 5.81 | 6.58 | 7.08 | |
西双版纳 | 11.34 | 19.67 | 24.43 | 41.83 | 9.02 | 9.58 | 7.14 | 13.87 | 5.33 | |
大理 | 1.31 | 2.40 | 10.03 | 34.59 | 9.41 | 8.56 | 11.96 | 10.04 | 7.82 | |
德宏 | 10.17 | 21.11 | 24.35 | 39.17 | 8.19 | 8.66 | 5.99 | 9.83 | 6.34 | |
怒江 | 12.93 | 26.01 | 22.13 | 45.91 | 9.57 | 8.73 | 5.70 | 5.85 | 4.25 | |
迪庆 | 8.81 | 21.99 | 19.65 | 44.07 | 9.94 | 9.43 | 7.99 | 17.60 | 5.18 |
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