社会满意度调查在城市体检与评估中的应用
谌丽(1985−),女,四川绵阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事城市居住环境研究。E-mail: chenlicas@foxmail.com |
收稿日期: 2021-06-01
修回日期: 2021-08-15
网络出版日期: 2021-12-08
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(42071215)
北京市属高校高水平教师队伍建设支持计划项目(CIT&TCD201904075)
版权
Application of Social Satisfaction Survey in City Health Examination Evaluation
Received date: 2021-06-01
Revised date: 2021-08-15
Online published: 2021-12-08
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42071215)
Supporting Plan for Cultivating High Level Teachers in Colleges and Universities in Beijing(CIT&TCD201904075)
Copyright
回顾满意度的概念内涵,在城市研究中的应用进展基础上,总结了北京城市体检及住建部城市体检工作中满意度调查的实施方案和主要分析结论,梳理了社会满意度调查的特征。研究表明,主观满意度数据相比客观数据更为鲜活,能够准确反映不同群体对城市发展的价值判断与意愿,体现居民的关注点,在分析中与人群属性链接可以深挖不同人群的主要诉求,并且根据体检评估对象情况,灵活设置指标和确定优劣等级,易于发现水平差异和问题短板。未来城市体检中应建立常态化城市体检社会满意度调查工作机制,注重与客观数据、市民热线数据等多源数据的融合,主客观相互印证来指导城市规划及管理,从而提升城市建设精细化水平。
谌丽 , 蒋雅卓 . 社会满意度调查在城市体检与评估中的应用[J]. 地理科学, 2021 , 41(10) : 1729 -1741 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2021.10.005
In recent years, urban construction in China has gradually changed from “production-centered” to “people’s life-centered”. How to enhance the people’s sense of acquisition has become the goal of urban improvement. Therefore, the Beijing government and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development have introduced social satisfaction surveys into their city health examination work, which use the subjective satisfaction of residents as a measurement scale, and is complementary to the traditional single perspective evaluation, so as to improve the regional environment and the people’s livelihood. This article reviews the concept and connotation of subjective satisfaction, summarizes the research progress of subjective satisfaction surveys in the field of urban researches. And on that basis, it introduces the implementation schemes and major conclusions of the city health examination work carried by the Beijing government and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development separately. Finally, it summarizes the characteristics of social satisfaction survey, and puts forward its research prospects. The results point out that subjective satisfaction is extensively used in geography and urban planning to measure residents’ subjective perception to the various aspects of the residential environment. It is mainly used to assess the quality of the regional environment, evaluate the implementation effects of planning projects, and calculate the suitable environmental indicators and their parameters. The subjective satisfaction index system in city health examination always corresponds to the objective evaluation index system, and follows the principle of combining comprehensiveness and hierarchy. The survey method can be conducted online or offline according to the actual situation. According to the results of case analysis, the subjective satisfaction data are more vivid than the objective data, which can be more accurately reflect the value judgment and willing of different groups on urban development, and show that people really cares. In the analysis, it is matched with the attributes and characteristics of different groups, so that the main demands of different groups can be deeply explored. The addition of subjective satisfaction data enables the whole project to set indicators and determine evaluation levels more flexibly according to the evaluation objects. In addition, it is easier to find the differences among groups, as well as existing problems and deficiencies. The difficulty of its application is the high cost of carrying out, and it is difficult to track the same group of people and make historical comparisons. Furthermore, it is also difficult to interpret the results of satisfaction surveys and extract policy recommendations from them. In the future, a normalized social satisfaction survey work mechanism should be established in city health examination. It should promote the integration of subjective satisfaction data with objective data, 12345 hotline data and other multi-source data, subjectively and objectively corroborating each other to guide urban planning and management, so as to improve the level of refinement of urban construction.
表1 住建部2020年城市体检社会满意度指标体系Table 1 Index system of social satisfaction in urban health examination in 2020 |
一级指标 | 二级指标 | 一级指标 | 二级指标 | |
生态宜居 | 城市公园绿地 | 生活舒适 | 城市体育场地 | |
城市亲水空间 | 城市综合医院 | |||
城市公共开敞空间 | 城市大型购物中心等设施 | |||
城市建筑密度 | 社区超市、便利店等设施 | |||
空气污染 | 社区养老设施 | |||
水体污染 | 社区普惠性幼儿园 | |||
噪声污染 | 社区卫生服务中心 | |||
特色风貌 | 城市山水风貌保护 | 社区道路、健身器材等设施维护 | ||
历史街区保护 | 老旧小区改造水平 | |||
历史建筑与传统民居的修复和利用 | 社区邻里关系 | |||
城市标志性建筑 | 交通便捷 | 步行环境 | ||
城市景观美感 | 骑行环境 | |||
城市文化特色营造 | 公共交通出行 | |||
安全韧性 | 社会治安 | 道路通畅性 | ||
道路交通安全 | 小汽车停车 | |||
紧急避难场所 | 上下班(学)路上花费时间 | |||
消防安全 | 创新活力 | 城市工作机会 | ||
传统商贸批发市场秩序 | 是否适合开公司、做生意 | |||
多元包容 | 所在城市房价的可接受程度 | 开公司、办企业、做买卖的政策环境 | ||
所在城市房租的可接受程度 | 人才引进政策 | |||
城市对外来人口的友好性 | 整洁有序 | 小区垃圾分类水平 | ||
城市对国际人士的友好性 | 小区物业管理 | |||
城市对弱势群体的关爱性 | 道路等市容环境 | |||
城市最低生活保障水平 | 公共厕所卫生状况 | |||
城市社会保险保障水平 | ||||
城市无障碍设施 |
表2 2020年全国城市体检社会满意度指标的平均排名及其标准差Table 2 Average ranking of social satisfaction indicators in 2020 city health examination and their standard deviation |
指标 | 平均排名 | 排名标准差 | 指标 | 平均排名 | 排名标准差 | |
小汽车停车 | 49.6 | 0.5 | 空气污染 | 26.1 | 18.0 | |
所在城市房价的可接受程度 | 49.3 | 0.6 | 道路等市容环境 | 25.2 | 3.7 | |
所在城市房租的可接受程度 | 47.0 | 1.5 | 社区卫生服务中心 | 23.3 | 4.0 | |
小区物业管理 | 45.8 | 2.0 | 道路交通安全 | 23.1 | 5.6 | |
道路通畅性 | 44.9 | 4.8 | 紧急避难场所 | 22.4 | 3.6 | |
老旧小区改造水平 | 42.6 | 2.9 | 消防安全 | 19.9 | 4.2 | |
上下班(学)花费时间 | 42.3 | 4.9 | 步行环境 | 19.5 | 5.8 | |
社区养老设施 | 41.6 | 2.4 | 水体污染 | 17.3 | 9.8 | |
小区垃圾分类水平 | 41.4 | 6.1 | 社区邻里关系 | 17.3 | 5.7 | |
城市工作机会 | 37.9 | 4.1 | 公共交通出行 | 16.4 | 5.4 | |
城市体育场地 | 37.2 | 4.9 | 历史建筑与传统民居修复利用 | 15.5 | 3.9 | |
社区道路、健身器材等设施维护 | 35.6 | 4.1 | 城市大型购物设施 | 13.8 | 4.9 | |
城市无障碍设施 | 35.1 | 2.9 | 城市文化特色营造 | 13.5 | 3.6 | |
社区普惠性幼儿园 | 35.0 | 5.8 | 社区超市、便利店等设施 | 13.4 | 5.3 | |
城市综合医院 | 33.6 | 4.0 | 城市标志性建筑 | 11.3 | 5.1 | |
城市最低生活保障水平 | 33.6 | 5.7 | 城市对弱势群体的友好性 | 11.1 | 5.6 | |
骑行环境 | 33.2 | 9.2 | 历史街区保护 | 10.9 | 4.2 | |
传统商贸批发市场秩序 | 31.6 | 5.4 | 城市公共开敞空间 | 9.1 | 4.1 | |
城市建筑密度 | 31.5 | 5.6 | 城市亲水空间 | 8.5 | 4.8 | |
是否适合开公司、做生意 | 30.9 | 9.2 | 社会治安 | 7.8 | 4.1 | |
开公司、办企业、做买卖的政策环境 | 30.8 | 5.5 | 城市景观美感 | 7.5 | 2.9 | |
城市社会保险保障水平 | 30.2 | 3.7 | 城市对外来人口的友好性 | 7.3 | 5.3 | |
噪声污染 | 28.0 | 11.3 | 城市山水风貌保护 | 7.1 | 4.3 | |
公共厕所卫生状况 | 27.6 | 7.8 | 城市对国际人士的友好性 | 2.8 | 2.6 | |
人才引进政策 | 26.6 | 7.1 | 城市公园绿地 | 2.1 | 3.0 |
表3 不同区域样本城市满意度得分Table 3 The satisfaction score of sample cities in different regions |
区域 | 生态宜居 | 特色风貌 | 交通便捷 | 生活舒适 | 多元包容 | 安全韧性 | 创新活力 | 整洁有序 | 总体满意度 |
东北 | 76.78 | 77.95 | 72.67 | 76.56 | 76.94 | 77.67 | 75.26 | 75.67 | 76.19 |
华北 | 77.76 | 78.86 | 74.05 | 77.58 | 77.69 | 78.39 | 76.45 | 76.99 | 77.22 |
华东 | 85.93 | 85.97 | 81.56 | 84.35 | 84.39 | 84.99 | 84.26 | 84.02 | 84.43 |
华南 | 81.43 | 80.27 | 74.66 | 78.85 | 79.14 | 79.42 | 78.51 | 77.91 | 78.77 |
华中 | 81.75 | 82.63 | 78.88 | 81.17 | 81.35 | 81.67 | 81.24 | 80.73 | 81.18 |
西北 | 78.35 | 79.50 | 74.74 | 77.09 | 77.75 | 79.23 | 76.36 | 77.49 | 77.57 |
西南 | 82.82 | 82.20 | 77.92 | 80.69 | 80.79 | 80.91 | 80.57 | 80.02 | 80.74 |
36市平均值 | 81.57 | 81.93 | 77.34 | 80.32 | 80.53 | 81.15 | 79.88 | 79.88 | 80.33 |
表4 不同建成年代区域二级指标满意度得分Table 4 Satisfaction score on second level indexes across areas of different built-up years |
指标 | 1990年 以前 | 1990—2010 年 | 2010年 以后 | 指标 | 1990年 以前 | 1990—2010 年 | 2010年 以后 | |
城市公园绿地 | 83.76 | 84.90 | 84.64 | 社区超市、便利店等设施 | 81.51 | 81.95 | 80.70 | |
城市亲水空间 | 81.31 | 82.37 | 81.72 | 社区道路、健身器材等设施维护 | 76.62 | 77.86 | 76.35 | |
城市公共开敞空间 | 81.41 | 82.43 | 81.97 | 老旧小区改造水平 | 74.60 | 76.59 | 75.92 | |
城市建筑密度 | 76.93 | 78.37 | 77.93 | 社区邻里关系 | 79.97 | 80.92 | 80.16 | |
空气污染 | 77.35 | 78.37 | 79.10 | 所在城市房价可接受程度 | 68.79 | 70.04 | 69.00 | |
水体污染 | 79.32 | 80.48 | 79.67 | 所在城市房租可接受程度 | 72.99 | 74.24 | 73.10 | |
噪声污染 | 77.09 | 78.15 | 77.58 | 城市对外来人口友好性 | 82.32 | 82.89 | 81.93 | |
城市山水风貌保护 | 81.72 | 82.70 | 82.39 | 城市对国际人士友好性 | 84.43 | 85.03 | 84.39 | |
历史街区保护 | 81.73 | 82.29 | 81.96 | 城市对弱势群体友好性 | 81.16 | 81.93 | 80.78 | |
历史建筑与传统民居修复利用 | 80.94 | 81.66 | 81.37 | 城市最低生活保障水平 | 77.45 | 78.38 | 77.30 | |
城市标志性建筑 | 81.61 | 82.39 | 81.66 | 城市社会保险保障水平 | 77.71 | 78.91 | 77.90 | |
城市景观美感 | 81.67 | 82.63 | 82.17 | 城市无障碍设施 | 77.03 | 78.20 | 77.27 | |
城市文化特色营造 | 80.68 | 81.60 | 81.07 | 社会治安 | 81.95 | 82.75 | 81.84 | |
步行环境 | 79.23 | 80.31 | 79.61 | 道路交通安全 | 79.11 | 79.91 | 78.89 | |
骑行环境 | 76.33 | 78.00 | 77.27 | 紧急避难场所 | 79.64 | 80.52 | 79.61 | |
公共交通出行 | 80.75 | 81.12 | 79.81 | 传统商贸批发市场秩序 | 77.85 | 78.71 | 77.47 | |
道路通畅性 | 73.09 | 74.18 | 73.13 | 消防安全 | 79.81 | 80.55 | 79.78 | |
上下班(学)花费时间 | 74.87 | 75.81 | 74.92 | 城市工作机会 | 76.60 | 77.81 | 76.84 | |
小汽车停车 | 66.74 | 68.28 | 66.96 | 是否适合开公司、做生意 | 78.27 | 79.43 | 78.82 | |
城市综合医院 | 77.43 | 78.13 | 77.01 | 开公司、办企业、做买卖的政策环境 | 78.35 | 79.51 | 78.65 | |
城市体育场地 | 76.65 | 77.73 | 76.98 | 人才引进政策 | 79.16 | 80.28 | 79.53 | |
城市大型购物设施 | 81.56 | 81.75 | 80.88 | 小区垃圾分类水平 | 75.37 | 76.29 | 74.78 | |
社区普惠性幼儿园 | 77.57 | 78.32 | 77.11 | 小区物业管理 | 73.36 | 74.70 | 72.74 | |
社区养老设施 | 76.06 | 77.15 | 76.16 | 道路等市容环境 | 78.24 | 79.43 | 78.50 | |
社区卫生服务中心 | 78.93 | 79.71 | 78.37 | 公共厕所卫生状况 | 78.54 | 79.24 | 78.51 |
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