呼伦贝尔草原火时空格局及特征分析
周粉粉(1997−),女,山东菏泽人,硕士研究生,主要从事草原火研究。E-mail: zhouff227@nenu.edu.cn |
收稿日期: 2021-11-16
修回日期: 2022-03-16
网络出版日期: 2022-10-20
基金资助
国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFE0207800)
国家自然科学基金项目(41871103)
版权
Spatial-temporal Patterns and Characteristics of Grassland Fire in the Hulunbuir Grassland
Received date: 2021-11-16
Revised date: 2022-03-16
Online published: 2022-10-20
Supported by
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFE0207800)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41871103)
Copyright
以Fire_CCI51为主要数据源,应用GIS空间分析技术对呼伦贝尔地区2001—2019年草原火的时空分布进行了研究,结果发现:呼伦贝尔草原火时间上具有年际波动较大、循环周期不定和春、秋两季双峰式集中的特点;空间上集中分布在东部森林草原、边境线附近,呈现出东多西少、北多南少的格局。利用相关分析方法对主要气象因子(平均降水量、最高气温、最小相对湿度、最大风速)与草原火之间的关系进行了深入分析,发现气象因子与草原火之间不存在显著相关;通过对呼伦贝尔市1981—2015年的草原起火原因统计数据分析发现,人类活动是导致草原火发生的主要因素。应用空间分析方法对边境线20 km缓冲区内的草原火进行了提取,发现境外过火面积远高于境内而且俄罗斯的过火面积远高于蒙古和中国。
周粉粉 , 郭蒙 , 钟超 , 常禹 , 于方冰 . 呼伦贝尔草原火时空格局及特征分析[J]. 地理科学, 2022 , 42(10) : 1838 -1847 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2022.10.016
Under the background of global climate change, human activities have intensified the occurrence of extreme climate events, increased the possibility of grassland fire, and seriously threatened these curity of terrestrial ecosystem and people’s life and property. The Hulunbuir grassland as a border zone of China, Mongolia, and Russia, so the study of spatial and temporal distribution pattern and influencing factors of grassland fire is of great significance to the management and prevention and control of grassland fire in our country. In this study, Fire_CCI51 was used as the main data source, and GIS spatial analysis technology was applied to explore the spatial and temporal distribution of grassland fires in Hulunbuir region from 2001 to 2019. The results show that there has the randomness of large interannual fluctuations and indefinite cycles and the regularity of bimodal concentration in spring and autumn; the spatial distribution is concentrated in the eastern forests and grasslands and near the border line , shows a pattern of more east and less west, more north and less south. In order to explore the influence of meteorological factors on grassland fire in HulunBuir grassland, this study conducted an in-depth analysis of relationship between major meteorological factors and grassland fires by using correlation analysis method. It was found that there was no significant correlation. Therefore, this paper makes a statistical analysis of the causes of grassland fires, and finds that human activities are the main cause of grassland fires. In addition, the spatial analysis is used to extract the burn area in boder area and buffer zone, and found that there are far more fires outside than inside and Russia has far more fires than Mongolia or China. In view of junction environment is not very different, this study conducts a comparative analysis of the different grassland management and prevention and control policies in China, Mongolia and Russia, and finds that China’s policy is more strict and perfect, and has more advantages in border fire prevention and control. Therefore, the study believes that the local government should urge herdsmen to mow the grassland in time, focus on human activities in pastoral areas, and strictly manage anthropogenic fire sources, rationally allocate prevention and control forces, focusing on forest-steppe zone and border zone. At the same time, China’s prevention and control experience should also be shared with neighboring countries to promote joint prevention and control in border areas.
表1 Landsat影像中样品的野火燃烧面积的精度对比Table 1 Accuracy comparison of wildfire burning areas of samples from Landsat images |
火场样地 | 影像日期(年份.月份) | 行/列 | 传感器 | BALandsat/hm2 | BAFire-CCI/hm2 | RRFire-CCI/% |
1 | 2001.09 | 123/25 | Landsat5 TM | 4286.13 | 4519.21 | 90.90 |
2 | 2002.06 | 123/25 | Landsat5 TM | 1344.81 | 1257.14 | 73.44 |
3 | 2003.05 | 123/24 | Landsat5 TM | 20662.21 | 17837.12 | 84.73 |
4 | 2004.08 | 123/26 | Landsat5 TM | 7533.24 | 7645.97 | 95.39 |
5 | 2006.05 | 123/26 | Landsat5 TM | 18503.34 | 16009.70 | 82.65 |
6 | 2007.04 | 123/25 | Landsat5 TM | 5821.19 | 5494.98 | 71.35 |
7 | 2013.10 | 126/26 | Landsat8 OLI | 12281.97 | 9703.15 | 72.09 |
8 | 2014.04 | 124/26 | Landsat8 OLI | 8622.75 | 8163.47 | 79.25 |
9 | 2014.09 | 123/26 | Landsat8 OLI | 5396.67 | 3307.86 | 57.73 |
10 | 2019.05 | 123/25 | Landsat8 OLI | 3511.82 | 3548.22 | 83.78 |
表2 气象要素与年过火面积、次数的相关性分析Table 2 Correlation analysis between meteorological elements and yearly fire area and number |
R2(过火面积) | R2 (过火次数) | |
年均最高气温 | 0.011 | 0.009 |
年均降水量 | 0.036 | 0.060 |
年均最小相对湿度 | 0.007 | 0.011 |
年均最大风速 | 0.118 | 0.148 |
表3 气象要素与月过火面积、次数的相关性分析Table 3 Correlation analysis between meteorological elements monthly fire area and number |
R2(过火面积) | R2(过火次数) | |
注:**表示P<0.01。 | ||
月均最高气温 | 0.027 | 0.038 |
月均降水量 | 0.002 | 0.026 |
月均最小相对湿度 | 0.049 | 0.007 |
月均最大风速 | 0.024 | 0.130** |
表4 气象要素与月过火面积、次数的迟滞效应Table 4 Hysteretic effect of meteorological elements and on the area and number of lunar fires |
R2(当月过火面积) | R2(当月过火次数) | |
注:**表示P<0.01,*表示P<0.05。 | ||
上月均最高气温 | 0.000 | 0.077* |
上月均降水量 | 0.002 | 0.058* |
上月均最小相对湿度 | 0.000 | 0.003 |
上月均最大风速 | 0.028 | 0.100** |
表5 中、蒙、俄三国的草原利用方式Table 5 Grassland utilization mode in China, Mongolia and Russia |
草原所有权 | 利用政策 | 利用方式 | |
中国 | 国家所有制 | 承包责任制 | 定牧、禁牧、休牧、轮牧 |
蒙古 | 国有制 | 共同管理制 | 传统游牧 |
俄罗斯 | 私有制 | 租赁制 | 轮牧 |
表6 草原火源管理措施及其依据、要求Table 6 Grassland fire source management measures and their basis and requirements |
措施 | 依据 | 要求 |
划定防火区 | 草原火灾发生危险程度和影响范围等 | 政府主管部门对草原火险区进行分级 |
公布防火期 (3.15~6.15、9.15~11.15) | 草原火灾发生规律 | 地方人民政府对防火期间的一切草原社会、生产活动提出严格要求:禁止一切野外用火;机动车辆应安装防火装置并配合安全检查;高火险期内,任何单位和个人不得擅自进入高火险区 |
编制防火规划 | 草原火险区划、防火工作实际需要 | 政府主管部门编制 |
落实防火责任 | 森林草原防火责任单位和责任人 | 各级人民政府根据划定的草原防火区和经营单位确定 |
制定应急预案 | 联防联控、草原火险预报预警制度 | 草原防火主管部门和气象主管机构等各部门共同建立 |
[1] |
峰芝. 近30年内蒙古牧区草原火时空演化特征分析[D]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古师范大学, 2015.
Feng Zhi. Spatio-temporal changes of grassland fire in Inner Mongolia in recent 30 years. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Normal University, 2015.
|
[2] |
苏和, 刘桂香. 浅析中国草原火灾信息管理技术进展[J]. 中国草地, 2004(3): 70-72.
Su He, Liu Guixiang. Elementary analyses on the progress of grassland fire disaster information management technique. Grassland of China, 2004(3): 70-72.
|
[3] |
周怀林, 王玉辉, 周广胜. 内蒙古草原火的时空动态特征研究[J]. 草业学报, 2016, 25(4): 16-25.
Zhou Huailin, Wang Yuhui, Zhou Guangsheng. Temporal and spatial dynimies of grassland fires in Inner Mongolia. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2016, 25(4): 16-25.
|
[4] |
张正祥, 张洪岩, 李冬雪, 等. 呼伦贝尔草原人为火空间分布格局[J]. 生态学报, 2013, 33(7): 2023-2031.
Zhang Zhengxiang, Zhang Hongyan, Li Dongxue et al. Spatial distribution pattern of human-caused fires in Hulunbuir grassland. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(7): 2023-2031.
|
[5] |
姜莉, 玉山, 乌兰图雅, 等. 草原火研究综述[J]. 草地学报, 2018, 26(4): 791-803.
Jiang Li, Yu Shan, Wulantuya et al. Summary of grassland fire research. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2018, 26(4): 791-803.
|
[6] |
刘兴朋,张继权,周道玮,等.中国草原火灾风险动态分布特征及管理对策研究[J].中国草地学报,2006(6):77-82.
Liu Xingpeng, Zhang Jiquan, Zhou Daowei et al. Study on grassland fire risk dynamic distribution characteristic and management policy. Chinese Journal of Grassland,2006(6):77-82.
|
[7] |
萨如拉, 张鑫, 韩霄, 等. 1981—2015年内蒙古自治区草原火灾时空动态研究[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2019, 38(3): 421-425.
Sa Rula, Zhang Xin, Han Xiao et al. Studies on the temporal and spatial dynamies of grassland fires in Inner Mongolia from 1981 to 2015. Fire Science and Technology, 2019, 38(3): 421-425.
|
[8] |
宫大鹏, 康峰峰, 刘晓东. 新巴尔虎草原火时空分布特征及对气象因子响应[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2018, 40(2): 82-89.
Gong Dapeng, Kang Fengfeng, Liu Xiaodong. Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of grassland fire and its response to meteorological factors in XinBarag Prairie of northwestern China. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2018, 40(2): 82-89.
|
[9] |
高策. 内蒙古东部地区草原火时空分布格局及影响因素研究[D]. 长春: 东北师范大学, 2016.
Gao Ce. The reaserch on spatial-temporal pattern and effecting factors of grassland fire in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia. Changchun: Northeast Normal University, 2016.
|
[10] |
丽娜. 基于多源遥感数据的中蒙边境地区草原火实时监测[D]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古师范大学, 2017.
Li Na. Real-time monitoring of grassland fire based on multi-source satellite remote sensing data in China-Mongolia Border Area. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Normal University, 2017.
|
[11] |
崔亮, 张继权, 包玉龙, 等. 呼伦贝尔草原火灾风险预警研究[J]. 草业学报, 2012, 21(4): 282-292.
Cui Liang, Zhang Jiquan, Bao Yulong et al. A study on early warning of grassland fire disaster risk in Hulunbuir. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2012, 21(4): 282-292.
|
[12] |
杨晓颖, 玉山, 都瓦拉, 等. 蒙古高原草原火灾风险评价研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(4): 1032-1044.
Yang Xiaoying, Yu Shan, Du Wala et al. Risk assessment of grassland fire on the Mongolian Plateau. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(4): 1032-1044.
|
[13] |
神祥金, 周道玮, 李飞, 等. 中国草原区植被变化及其对气候变化的响应[J]. 地理科学, 2015, 35(5): 622-629.
Shen Xiangjin, Zhou Daowei, Li Fei et al. Vegetation change and its response to climate change in grassland region of China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(5): 622-629.
|
[14] |
张恒, 崔孟然, 单延龙, 等. 中蒙边境典型草原草本可燃物燃烧性研究[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2021,45(5):171-177.
Zhang Heng, Cui Mengran, Shan Yanlong et al. Study on flammability of herbaceous fuel in typical grassland of China-Mongolia border. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition),2021,45(5)171-177.
|
[15] |
靳全锋, 鞠园华, 杨夏捷, 等. 2005—2014年内蒙古草地火灾排放污染物的时空格局[J]. 草业学报, 2017, 26(2): 21-29.
Jin Quanfeng, Ju Yuanhua, Yang Xiajie et al. Temporal and spatial patterns of emissions and pollutants from grassland burned in Inner Mongolia during 2005-2014. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2017, 26(2): 21-29.
|
[16] |
靳全锋, 黄海松, 沈培福, 等. 基于MODIS影像内蒙古草地火排放污染物动态研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2019, 39(3): 1154-1163.
Jin Quanfeng, Huang Haisong, Shen Peifu et al. Dynamic changes of pollutants emission from grassland fires based on MODIS images in Inner Mongolia. China Environmental Science, 2019, 39(3): 1154-1163.
|
[17] |
杨军, 董琪如. 基于WRF-Fire模式的2009年“5·21”蒙古国入境大火数值模拟研究[J]. 大气科学学报, 2020, 43(4): 718-727.
Yang Jun, Dong Qiru. Simulation of the evolution of the 21 May 2009 wildfire from Mongolia to China using WRF-Fire Model. Trans Atmos Sci, 43(4): 718-727.
|
[18] |
玉山. 内蒙古草原火行为及其模拟研究[D]. 长春: 东北师范大学, 2020.
Yu Shan. Study on grassland fire behavior and simulation in Inner Mongolia. Changchun: Northeast Normal University, 2020.
|
[19] |
丽娜, 包玉龙, 银山, 等. 中蒙边境地区草原火时空分布特征分析[J]. 灾害学, 2016, 31(3): 207-210.
Li Na, Bao Yulong, Yin Shan et al. Spatiotemporal characteristics of grassland fire in China-Mongolia Border Regions. Journal of Catastrophology, 2016, 31(3): 207-210.
|
[20] |
曲炤鹏, 郑淑霞, 白永飞. 蒙古高原草原火行为的时空格局与影响因子[J]. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21(4): 807-813.
Qu Shaopeng, Zheng Shuxia, Bai Yongfei. Spatiotemporal patterns and driving factors of grassland fire on Mongolian Plateau. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2010, 21(4): 807-813.
|
[21] |
徐英睿. 2001—2010年呼伦贝尔草原火灾空间分布[J]. 长春师范大学学报, 2017, 36(10): 77-80.
Xu Yingrui. Spatial distribution of glassland fire in Hulunbuir during 2001-2010. Journal of Changchun Normal University, 2017, 36(10): 77-80.
|
[22] |
Lizundia-Loiola J, Oton G, Ramo R et al. A spatio-temporal active-fire clustering approach for global burned area mapping at 250 m from MODIS data[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2020: 236
|
[23] |
Yamada Y, Ohkubo T, Shimizu K. Causal analysis of accuracy obtained using high-resolution global forest change data to identify forest loss in small forest plots[J]. Remote Sensing, 2020, 12: 2489
|
[24] |
Guo M, Li J, Yu F et al. Estimation of post-fire vegetation recovery in boreal forests using solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) data[J]. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 2021, 30(5): 365-377.
|
[25] |
单延龙, 刘乃安, 胡海清, 等. 凉水自然保护区主要可燃物类型凋落物层的含水率[J]. 东北林业大学学报, 2005(5): 41-43.
Shan Yanlong, Liu Naian, Hu Haiqing et al. Moisture content of litter of principal fuel types in Liangshui Nature Reserve. Journal of Northest Foresty University, 2005(5): 41-43.
|
[26] |
Bradstock R A. A biogeographic model of fire regimes in Australia: Current and future implications[J]. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2010, 19(2): 145-158.
|
[27] |
Fang K Y , Yao Q C , Guo Z T et al. ENSO modulates wildfire activity in China [J]. Natural Communications, 2021, 12(1): 1764.
|
[28] |
中华人民共和国国务院. 草原防火条例 [R]. 中华人民共和国国务院公报, 2008, (35): 10-15.
The State Council of the People's Republic of China. Grassland fire prevention regulations [J]. Bulletin of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 2008, (35):10-15.
|
[29] |
塔林图雅. 蒙古国草原保护法律制度研究[D]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古大学, 2017.
Talintuya. Research of Mongolia grassland protection legal system. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University, 2017.
|
[30] |
赵凤君, 舒立福, 姚树人. 俄罗斯2010年森林大火及教训[J]. 森林防火, 2011(4): 43-46.
Zhao Fengjun, Shu Lifu, Yao Shuren. Russia 2010 forest fires and lessons learned. Forest Fire Prevention, 2011(4): 43-46.
|
[31] |
陈鹏宇, 赵凤君, 舒立福, 等. 蒙古森林草原火灾状况及林火管理[J]. 世界林业研究, 2014, 27(2): 66-69.
Chen Pengyu, Zhao Fengjun, Shu Lifu et al. Fires and fire management on forest steppe in Mongolia. World Forestry Research, 2014, 27(2): 66-69.
|
/
〈 |
|
〉 |