Exploring the evolution of dietary pattern and their health effects is of great significance for the implementation of food security and Healthy China initiative. Focusing on multiple scales such as "three major regions, nine agricultural regions—provincial units", this paper explored the regional evolution characteristics of the dietary pattern of Chinese residents from 1987 to 2017, and deeply analyzed the health effects of changes in the dietary pattern of residents. The results showed that: 1) The dietary pattern of Chinese residents had gradually changed from "grain and vegetable-based" to "diversified consumption", and the dietary quality had generally improved while the intake of animal-sourced food had increased significantly. 2) Differences in the human-environment relationships drove the evolution of dietary pattern in different regions from a multi-scale perspective: The proportion of animal-source food consumption in the eastern region had risen fastest, the western region had always been the region with the highest proportion of oil and fat consumption, and the central region had the smallest decline in grain consumption; The consumption of animal-sourced food in the nine agricultural regions all showed an upward trend, and the consumption of other types of meals was different; The dietary pattern of residents in each province had not yet formed a significant territorial spatial differentiation pattern. 3) Malignant tumors, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and endocrine nutrition and metabolic diseases were significantly positively correlated with the consumption of animal-derived foods and oils, and were significantly negatively correlated with the food consumption. The research results are expected to provide theoretical basis and practical reference for scientifically formulating strategies to balance the dietary pattern of Chinese urban and rural residents.

Highly-educated talents are not only the intellectual support for urban economic upgrading in the era of knowledge economy but also the important strategic resources for national and regional competition. Based on the microscale big data of the population in Shenzhen, we extract the data of the highly-educated immigrants who migrated to Shenzhen from 1980 to 2014. Using the methods of spatial autocorrelation and event history analysis, we explore the demographic characteristics and the spatial-temporal pattern changes of the high-educated immigrants after the reform and opening up, and investigate the driving factors influencing the individual migration decision-making in the past ten years, attempting to uncover the process of talent agglomeration in Shenzhen under different talents recruitment policy stages. The results found that: 1) The number of highly-educated immigrants in Shenzhen has grown rapidly along with the younger and unmarried demographic characteristics, while the gap in the urban-rural household registration structure has been shrunk. The spatial agglomeration characteristics of the source districts of the highly-educated immigrants are significant as the adjacent areas within Guangdong as well as the Triangle of Central China formed high-high agglomeration and central cities dominated high-low agglomeration. 2) Personal family factors, spatial obstacle factors and socioeconomic factors simultaneously shape the complex process of individual migration. People who are younger, holding urban registration and shorter geographical distance, engaged in industry, commerce and service industries and from areas with smaller population, lower per capita GDP, and more students in universities are more likely to immigrate. 3) The continuous audit policy of talents recruitment implemented in Shenzhen from 2008 to 2012 has effectively attracted the immigration of highly-educated talents, promoted the balance of the age structure of immigrant talents, and weakened the regional socioeconomical factors. The point-system evolution further fosters the equalization of the age structure and the transfer of talents between central cities. The results can provide decision support for the advanced recruitment of highly-educated immigrants and regional development in China.

Evapotranspiration is the process by which water is dispersed to the atmosphere through the soil and vegetation surfaces, and it has an important impact on water resource consumption in the watershed. It is important to study the evapotranspiration process under the changing vegetation conditions to understand the water balance and water cycle in the watershed. Google Earth Engine (GEE) is a planetary-scale cloud platform for remote sensing imageries, it axiomatically has a primal advantage (e.g., premium communicating ecosystem and opening sources) in earth-science research. In this paper, the Loess Plateau was selected as the study area, on the platform of GEE, PML_V2 (2002—2017) and NDVI (1990—2020) datasets were applied, and linear regression, Mann-Kendall nonparametric test were used to quantitatively analyze the change of evapotranspiration components under the influence of vegetation changes on the Loess Plateau at a long-term scale. The results showed that: 1) The vegetation on the Loess Plateau showed a significant increasing trend (P<0.05) from 1990 to 2020, and the overall vegetation change was dominated by the trend of basic unchanged (31.2%) and slightly improved (59.4%), and gradually decreased from southeast to northwest spatially; 2) The vegetation transpiration on the Loess Plateau from 2002 to 2017 showed a significant increasing trend in vegetation transpiration and canopy interception evaporation (P<0.05) and with a non-significant decreasing trend in soil evaporation (P>0.05); 3) The increase in NDVI led to a decrease in soil evaporation (P<0.05) and increased vegetation transpiration and canopy interception evaporation (P<0.05). This study is beneficial to quantitatively clarify the impacts of the vegetated growing process and seasonal variations on the components of evapotranspiration, and provide scientific references for understanding the reciprocal feedback between vegetation changes and watershed eco-hydrological processes.

Quantitative evaluation of the human travel activity intensity (hereinafter referred to as "human travel intensity") is a fundamental element of human disturbance research, which is of utmost importance for the preservation of biodiversity. Taking the difference between urban areas and non-urban areas into account, in order to improve the response of human travel intensity to each type of environmental variable, this paper focuses on the non-urban areas of Yunnan Province, based on the Tencent location big data, using the geodetector and maximum entropy model to investigate the impact of environmental variables on human travel intensity. The results of the paper reveal that the environmental variables affecting the human travel intensity in the non-urban areas of Yunnan Province present a nonlinear enhancement or bivariate enhancement type under the interaction, and the combination of the distance to residences and the land cover type has the largest explanatory power for the human travel intensity. The prediction accuracy of the maximum entropy model meets the "good" criterion according to the standard (Area Under Curve, AUC= 0.855), and the human travel intensity in the non-urban areas of Yunnan Province shows a general pattern of "high in the east and low in the west". Among all the environmental variables, distance to residences, land cover type, distance to roads, and slope are the main influencing variables, and the cumulative contribution of these four environmental variables exceeds 90%. As a whole, human travel intensity in the non-urban areas of Yunnan Province is concentrated near residences that have gentle topography, a mild climate, moderate precipitation, and easily accessible transportation. The findings of the paper can be utilized to gain an understanding of the factors that are influencing the heterogeneity of human travel and can be a source of guidance for species protection and development in Yunnan Province.

Resilience is the basic attribute of the rural system, which reflects the rural system's response to external disturbances and shocks. High resilience rural has the ability to maintain system stability, minimize losses, and make comprehensive transformation and development. Rural resilience is the frontier direction of rural study. This article uses the CiteSpace to analyze papers on rural resilience domestic and abroad that has published before January 28, 2022. By drawing knowledge map, this paper aims to show the rural resilience study development process, research hotspots, latest directions and trends of future research. The study found that: 1) Foreign rural resilience study has established a complete knowledge system, which extends from basic concepts, theories and empirical studies to climate change, environmental protection, biodiversity and other fields. All these investigated rural resilience under different shocks. 2) The research on rural resilience domestic is still in initial stage, whose topic is few and scattered. The article indicates that future research should make full use of big data and simulation technology to reveal the evolution of rural systems, resilience thresholds and development shortage as well as rural resilience building under multiple stressors for rural revitalization and high quality development.

In recent years, cultural tourism destinations have flourished and become ideal places for tourists to seek cultural experience and meet their spiritual needs. Cultural tourism destinations are defined as a specific regional space with cultural tourism resources as its main attraction and tourism facilities as its support to provide tourists with cultural tourism experience and tourism services. They play an important role in improving tourists’ cultural identity, satisfying people’s needs for a better life, and improving the quality development of the cultural tourism industry. Unfortunately, these destinations face challenges of homogeneity, loss of authenticity and over-commercialization, which seriously affect their sustainability and competitiveness. As consumers of tourism products and services, tourists’ perceived image of cultural tourism destinations reflects the development of tourist destinations. Therefore, examining tourists’ perceived image is considered as an approach to improve cultural destinations’ sustainable development. Few studies, however, have examined the themes and characteristics of tourists’ perceived image of cultural destinations. To fill these gaps, this paper attempts to answer the following questions: 1) What are the topics of tourists’ perceived image in cultural tourism destinations? 2) Are there significant differences among different topics of tourists’ perceived image of cultural destinations? 3) How to reflect the asymmetric effect of topics of tourists’ perceived image of cultural destinations? Specifically, this paper uses the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model to explore the topics and characteristics of tourists’ perceived image of cultural destinations. Shaoxing, a canal city in eastern Zhejiang Province, is taken as the research site. Tourists’ online reviews in Ctrip.com are used as the data source. The results show that: 1) Tourists’ perceived image of Shaoxing include five topics: scenic area service, distinctive local culture, landscape scenery, legends and stories, and celebrities ’s former residence; 2) Scenic area service is the most significant topic, followed by distinctive local culture, landscape scenery, while the perception of legends and stories and celebrities ’s former residence is relatively weaker than other themes; 3) Through analyzing the topics of positive and negative tourists’ reviews, celebrities’s former residence, landscape scenery, and legends and stories can be categorized as motivating factors. Also, cultural landscape, authenticity and natural resources play the role of hygiene factors, while scenic area service influences both positive and negative perceptions of tourists as a two-way factor. There exists an asymmetric effect between the tourists’ positive perception and their negative evaluation of Shaoxing image. 4) Tourists generate different perceived image of cultural tourism destinations through consumption and experience of cultural resources, cultural production and cultural industry chain. To enhance tourists’ perceived image, cultural tourism destinations can improve the scenic area service, protect cultural landscapes, authenticity and natural resources. The active role of celebrity residences, landscape scenery and legends and stories can also be highlighted.

This article analyzes the development mechanism of dry port logistics hub from multiple dimensions, measures the comprehensive development strength of China’s dry port logistics hubs by using the panel data from 2001 to 2018, reveals the spatial pattern and evolution characteristics of the hubs by using the methods of spatial analysis and Gini coefficient, and explores the main driving factors for the development of China's dry port logistics hubs. The results show that: 1) The development of hubs in the southeast is generally more mature and stable than that in the western, and shows the differentiation characteristics on the side of the Hu Huanyong Line; 2) The spatial differences in the development of dry port logistics hubs are more obvious, and the degree of difference is increasing; 3) Infrastructure and logistics operations have a greater contribution to the hub's Gini coefficient, but the impact of information technology has improved more significantly; 4) Population size, financial development and external environmental factors promote the development of hubs. Economic strength, education level and government investment have different impacts on hubs at different levels. The article is expected to provide scientific basis for the country to construct logistics system and optimize the logistics network giving full play to the supporting role of the logistics hub in the regional economy.

Space syntax emphasizes the ontological nature of space. People can analyze its internal cultural logic by analyzing people, activities and other space-time events in a specific space quantitatively. One of the key points of space syntax research is the study of people's spatial cognitive style, which uses people's local perception range as a means of spatial segmentation, and uses axis to simulate the structural relationship between the local perception space and the overall space. Under the background of Rural Revitalization Strategy, the characteristic protection and spatial vitality development of traditional villages are important issues in the current research. The research method of combining spatial syntax and image map can excavate the important cognitive space that is difficult to detect in the physical space, so as to provide a new research point for all-round traditional villages protection. Using space syntax to study the spatial form and the spatial cognition of space users is helpful to the protection and inheritance of traditional villages of ethnic minorities. Taking Jiaju Village in Congjiang County of Guizhou Province as the research object, this paper analyzes the spatial form of Jiaju Village. It investigates the spatial cognition of local people and tourists. The results show that: 1) The new core of Jiaju Village occupies a high-value area of integration, and its role of gathering people is increasing, while the old core maintains a central position due to the specific spatial structure and social function; 2) The linear streets and lanes with a high degree of integration, or the spatial elements connected with the axis with a high degree of integration, are more easily recognized by people, and the spatial elements perceived by villagers are more comprehensive; 3) The spatial cognition of villagers is closely related to the global integration degree, while the spatial cognition of tourists is more related to the local integration degree. This paper reveals the characteristics and causes of village spatial form and discusses the influence of spatial structure on the spatial cognition of local people and tourists. Finally, Based on the five elements of urban image proposed: Landmark, node, road, region and boundary, this paper constructs a spatial form and spatial cognitive protection framework of traditional villages of ethnic minorities from three aspects: node space, street space and spatial interface. By referring to the location of the spatial historical core obtained from the spatial syntax analysis results, and comprehensively considering the historical spatial memory and the actual situation, we orderly sort out the important cognitive nodes, use the streets and lanes to connect all the cognitive nodes in the settlement, strengthen the characteristics of the spatial interface, and form an overall cognitive sequence with the close combination of points, lines and planes, so that users can form a complete cognition of the village.

This paper first composed the scientific definition of urban-rural logistics network from the spatial perspective, then analyzed the elements of urban-rural logistics network with reference to the basic framework of spatial structure theory and the corresponding functional characteristics of each element. The results are as follows: 1) In this paper, urban-rural logistics network is defined as an integrated spatial network that promotes the efficient flow of factors within the urban-rural geographical scope with multi-directional connecting channels and multi-level logistics nodes as the basic carrier in the process of urban-rural integration. It is also argued that urban-rural logistics network is a novel form of logistics organization in the stage of urban-rural integration. The essence of urban-rural logistics network includes the spatial extension, convergence and efficiency improvement of the existing urban logistics network and rural logistics network. 2) From the spatial perspective, the elements of urban-rural logistics network can be decomposed into three elements: node, connection and domain surface. It is pointed out that each element of the network has experienced functional strengthening and renewal. For example, the management and economic function of nodes has been strengthened in urban-rural logistics network. Besides that, the link and balance functions of linkage appeared, and the organize and adjust functions of domain surface are highlighted. 3) Following the scientific logic of “pattern-process-mechanism-decision” in geography, the analysis framework of urban-rural logistics network from spatial perspective is proposed to establish the structure of urban-rural logistics network and its evolution mechanism. Finally, our research pointed out that we should further to explore the regional types, regional suitability and interaction mechanisms of urban-rural logistics elements, and refine spatial organization models of multi-scale region, so as to strengthen the scientific knowledge of urban-rural logistics systems and scientifically support the practice of urban-rural integration.

Digital technologies nowadays have a significant influence on shaping the innovation process and regional development. Existing research has described the nature and characteristics of the digital entrepreneurship ecosystem (DEE), focusing on firm-level characteristics; however, the interaction between the external environment and DEE is primarily undertheorized. This study thus proposes a definition of DEE by highlighting spatial impacts from the geographical perspective. A descriptive framework is then constructed to identify the distinguished genes of DEE. Five dimensions of digital entrepreneurial actors, digital users, multilateral digital platforms, digital infrastructures, and the external context are discussed. The objective is to explore the categories and ways of digital technology embedding into various actors in the entrepreneurial process, as well as the spatial pattern, processes and mechanisms of the system composed of the new elements with digitalization as the core. The main contribution of this study is providing new light on the complexity of DEE from a multi-scale perspective and exploring the pivotal role of DEE in regional development and its spatial impacts. Based on the Chinese context, the article discusses a research agenda for future studies, which provides a new theoretical perspective for entrepreneurship research in geography and practical guidelines for guiding the development of entrepreneurship in China.

Since the reform and opening up, China has gradually formed a more sound commodity market, but the reform of factor market allocation has lagged behind relatively. The markets for capital, labor, land and other factors of production are still not perfect, and the problem of resource allocation significantly affects the transformation of China's productive forces and production relations. Due to the significant differences in resource endowments in different regions and the restrictions on the free flow of factors by administrative barriers, the cost of factor flow and access to regions is high and resources cannot flow smoothly to advantageous locations. This leads to uneven resource allocation between regions and spatial misallocation of resources. The spatial misallocation of resources not only triggers competition for regional resources, intensifies local protectionism, and leads to more serious structural imbalances such as industrial structure convergence, duplication of major facilities construction and excessive market competition in various regions, but also aggravates problems such as urban traffic congestion, housing tension and environmental pollution due to unbalanced resource allocation. Therefore, a comprehensive and in-depth exploration of the characteristics of resource misallocation in China and its spatial and temporal evolution pattern is of great theoretical and practical significance for the government to re-examine the characteristics of factor mismatch, clarify the direction of optimising resource allocation and promote factor market-oriented reforms. To accurately reflect the spatial mismatch degree and spatial-temporal evolution law of city resources, this paper measures the mismatch degree of capital, labor, and land resources in cities at the prefecture level and above in China from 2003 to 2018 based on the extended three-factor spatial general equilibrium model. We use spatio-temporal kernel density and comprehensive coordination index to analyze the changing trend of city resources spatial mismatch, spatial agglomeration pattern, and the coordination degree of factor marketization reform. The results show that: 1) The variation trend of city spatial mismatch degree of different resources is different. The misallocation of capital and labor space continues to improve, but the misallocation of land space first alleviates and then intensifies. The administrative force hindering the market flow of resources is an important factor aggravating the land misallocation. 2) The spatial agglomeration patterns of the three resources among cities are different. The spatial allocation of city capital and land resources has strong regional bias and convergence, and the resource allocation of neighboring cities shows a high-high, low-low positive agglomeration pattern. However, household registration barriers and unequal public services hinder the free flow of city labor, making it difficult to achieve a balanced allocation of labor resources between cities, and the labor resources in neighboring cities show a high-low negative agglomeration pattern. 3) Neighboring cities have consistency in capital market reform and land policy adjustment. However, the coordination degree of labor mismatch between cities is worsening. Northeast China has the lowest degree of synergy in factor marketization reform. The research conclusion of this paper provides a reference for improving the mechanism of market-oriented allocation of factors and clarifying the evolution path and optimization strategy of resource allocation at the city level.

As a trunk railway in Southwest China, Sichuan-Xizang Railway has improved the transportation infrastructure in the western China, and is of great significance to the integration and coordinated development. This paper takes Sichuan-Xizang Railway as the research object, and calculates the accessibility of cities along the railway based on the network of roads and railways. Combined with the particularity of Sichuan and Xizang, the influence of Sichuan-Xizang Railway on urban accessibility and regional development is analyzed from the national scale, in order to provide reference for the coordinated development of China's trans-regional transportation infrastructure and regional development. The research results show: First, the construction of the Sichuan-Xizang Railway has notably enhanced accessibility for cities along the route. The once scattered circular layout has evolved into a corridor structure running parallel to the railway. Second, in comparison to Sichuan, the Sichuan-Xizang Railway has a more profound impact on the accessibility of cities in Xizang, particularly in the central locations like Linzhi and Changdu. Moreover, this impact extends beyond the railway route, enhancing connections between cities in Xizang and the rest of the country, particularly with the southwestern and southern regions. This suggests that the influence of the Sichuan-Xizang Railway extends throughout the entire Xizang. Third, Sichuan and Xizang are characterized by its concentration of economically disadvantaged counties and a diverse population of ethnic minorities, all while boasting abundant tourism resources. The railway significantly improves accessibility to border regions, impoverished counties, and autonomous counties inhabited by ethnic minorities. This has considerable implications for national security, ethnic unity, and regional integration and development. Finally, when viewed from an organizational network perspective, the introduction of train services along the Sichuan-Xizang Railway has enhanced the structural characteristics of the national high-speed rail network, with particular benefits for the southwest region. As the coverage of direct train services expands, cities in Xizang and Sichuan become more closely interconnected. In summary, the construction of the Sichuan-Xizang Railway is instrumental in facilitating connections between the southwest region, and eastern and central regions, with significant implications for national security, ethnic unity, and the promotion of regional integration and development.

The alpine hypoxia on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has brought enormous challenges to human survival. The history of the settlement and spread of ancient humans on the plateau has always attracted the attention of the academic community. The microblade technology is a complex stone tool technology that appeared in the Upper Paleolithic period, which is highly recognizable and representative. At present, the relics of this technique are all over the whole plateau, which provides important materials for exploring the migration and diffusion process of ancient people in this area. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau covers a vast area, including multiple geographic regions, with huge differences in climate and geomorphological environment, which have different impacts on human survival. This paper draws on the research results of the geographical regionalization of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, observes the distribution of different microblade technology relics on the plateau from the perspective of natural divisions. In the geographical regionalization of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the remains of microblade technology have been found in seven regions. Each region has relatively clear boundaries. We discuss the distribution characteristics of microblade technology on the plateau by combining the natural characteristics of the natural geographic divisions and the characteristics of microblade technology, and then analyzes the adaptation process of the microblade technology population on the plateau. It lays the foundation for discussing the spread of microblade technology on the plateau.

With the transformation of urban economy to metropolitan economy, urban space is accelerating to expand to suburbs, and the fringe areas have developed rapidly. The development of suburbs presents a new stage characteristic—post-suburbanization. This article puts Shanghai’s suburbs in the post-suburbanization landscape, and uses the post-suburbanization theory to examine the spatial growth of Shanghai's suburbs. Results found: 1) Post-suburbanization is an important stage in the process of suburbanization, which is a new spatial settlement form after the centrifugal and decentralized development of multiple elements. Compared with traditional suburbanization, post-suburbanization space is obviously different in spatial distribution, spatial utilization, spatial relationship, spatial governance mode, etc. 2) The suburbs of Shanghai have entered a new era of post-suburbanization, with more complex and diversified functional spaces in the outer suburbs, more independent suburban spaces, and present urban-like forms. 3) The development of post-suburbanization space has gone through three stages: industrial satellite towns serving industrial production after the founding of the People's Republic of China; development zones for reforming experimental fields after the opening up; and new towns created by comprehensive functional spaces after 2000. Different spatial carriers reshape the elements of suburban landscape and promote the formation of new spatial settlement form. 4) The development-oriented post-suburbanization construction is a new round of large-scale suburban development and construction of local governments to maintain their own growth accumulation strategy, and its formation is the result of the growth alliance under the leadership of the local government.Government's entrepreneurial behaviors; space repair of capital; The participation of residents in space production has obviously promoted the formation of post-suburbanization in China.

Based on the data of 286 cities from 2010 to 2019, the spatial pattern evolution, agglomeration pattern and driving factors of China's digital economy are explored by spatial analysis techniques and multiple linear regression models. 1) In terms of spatial and temporal evolution, China's digital economy shows a steady development and spatial agglomeration trend, and the geographical proximity characteristics are increasingly obvious. 2) In terms of movement trajectory, the center of gravity of China's digital economy development is biased toward the southeast, showing a ladder moving trend from ''northeast to southwest''. 3) In terms of spatial pattern evolution, the overall pattern is strong in the east and weak in the west, and the ''four-tier'' pattern of digital economy development with Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Chengdu-Chongqing as the core is gradually clear, and the leading position of provincial capitals is becoming more and more prominent. 4) In terms of spatial agglomeration pattern, the high-high agglomeration shows the trend of ''group'' agglomeration, the low-low agglomeration is mainly distributed in the ''western'' region, the high-low agglomeration and low-low agglomeration show dependence effects, and the geographical proximity is significant. 5) In terms of spatial development types, accelerated development cities are mainly concentrated in the central and western regions, while starting development cities are mainly concentrated in the east of the ''Hu Huanyong Line'' and balanced development cities are scattered. 6) From the perspective of influencing factors, the spatial pattern and evolution of digital economy are significantly influenced by information technology base, geographic area, economic level and human capital.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a huge impact on the social and economic system of the whole world. Countries quickly halted work and production and adopted epidemic prevention policies, so world trade was once suspended. In this context, export resilience began to attract attention. Using Chinese Customs database, this paper analyzes the evolution of the geographical pattern of China's export and the changes in China's position in the world trade network during the COVID-19 pandemic, and explores China's regional and industrial export resilience. The main findings are as follows: 1) During the COVID-19 pandemic, China showed strong resilience while its export resistance is relatively weak, and it has industrial and regional heterogeneity. The difference mainly comes from factors such as factor endowment, industrial structure, global supply chain dependence, prevention policies, and trade barriers. 2) China's strong export resilience comes from the import demand of the destination country for epidemic prevention materials, the supply capacity brought by China's rapid control of the epidemic and its strong ability to switch production. 3) The pattern of China's export destination countries has not undergone major changes. It is found that the distribution of export value is positively correlated with the degree of activeness of epidemic prevention and control in the destination country; 4) After the epidemic, China's position in the world trade network has increased significantly, especially in the medical supplies, and the world trade has formed a network with China as a high-throughput central node. Finally, this paper also discusses the differences in regional economic resilience under the background of the COVID-19 pandemic and the financial crisis. It is believed that under the background of the COVID-19 pandemic, the urban export-oriented economy, the two-way impact of the supply side and the demand side, and policy factors have a more obvious impact on economic resilience.

Since the mid-1990s, Human Geography research has witnessed a significant turn towards a relational approach, giving rise to Relational Geography as an influential and cutting-edge disciplinary perspective that challenges traditional geographical paradigms. This paper aims to explore the academic connotations, theoretical propositions, research paradigms, and current hot topics within Relational Geography. It argues that the core focus of Relational Geography is on the subject of action, emphasizing not only the analysis of international mobility, connectivity, and social relations but also the exploration of individual experiences, cognition, and agency. This approach encompasses not only the extensive impacts of globalization on local societies, economies, and institutions but also the examination of localization, cultural reconstruction, and differential production, revealing clear tendencies towards de-territorialization and de-scaling. Rather than merely summarizing patterns or laws, the interpretation of regional policies or social events within Relational Geography is predominantly based on actor networks and adopts a de-anthropocentric perspective, focusing on the analysis of situations, interactions, interpretations, and contingencies. Relational Geography highlights that the complexity of the present era cannot be adequately explained by a single theory or dominant ideology. Through a decentralized, heterogeneous, dynamic, and multi-dimensional approach, it embodies the diversity, inclusiveness, and profound nature of geographical thinking. This shift towards relational thinking represents a critique of long-standing Western academic hegemony associated with substantialism (the belief in discovering objective social facts), positivism (the search for objective laws of human society), dualism, and other prevailing trends. By surpassing the limitations of human and physical geography and reflecting on essentialist and structuralist static analyses, Relational Geography incorporates events and realities into the perspectives of political economy, power relations, gender identity, spatial justice, and social inequality. Its epistemological shift towards more open, fluid, and complex spatial relational thinking significantly reshapes people's understanding of key geographic concepts such as space, place, and scale. As a new research trend and paradigm, Relational Geography needs to effectively incorporate and apply its principles when examining Chinese experiences. China's traditional concept of "connection," the "Belt and Road Initiative", and the idea of "a community with a shared future for mankind" serve as prime examples of how Relational Geography can be applied and connected in practice.

Using Tencent location big data, this study analyzes the spatial pattern of population flow among 368 cities in China and identifies the influencing factors related to population inflow and outflow based on an exponential random graph model (ERGM). 1) From 2015 to 2018, the spatial distribution pattern of population flow was relatively stable, forming a rhombic spatial structure with Beijing, Shenzhen, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu, and Dongguan as the ‘center’. The densely populated nodes and channels are mainly concentrated to the east of the Hu Huanyong Line. The significance of this study lies in further determining the core cities and main pillars in the population flow network. 2) The urban subgroup structure obtained by community division shows obvious geographical proximity and inter-provincial differentiation among communities, which form not only small urban subgroups with the provincial capital city forming the core and bordered by the provincial boundary, but also large urban subgroups with a multi-center structure spanning provincial administrative boundaries. However, for most cities, the provincial boundary delimits the main flow circle, and population flow within the same province is more frequent. 3) The influencing factors of the population inflow and outflow networks determined by the ERGM model are consistent with the predictions of neoclassical economics. Market and economic factors such as population scale, urbanization level, time cost, and economic cost still play a leading role in population flow. 4) The attraction of a city to the floating population depends on its individual attributes, while the urban population outflow depends more on the external-network-related elements of the city. To a certain extent, this study verifies the predominance of the urban “pull” in the push-pull theory and the comprehensive effect of various distance factors.

Urban agglomeration, as the main battlefield for countries to participate in global competition, plays an important role in leading China's innovation and development. Based on social network analysis and negative binomial model, this paper analyzes overall characteristics, status characteristics and spatial spread characteristics of innovation networks in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations from 1995 to 2015, and makes in-depth analysis and dynamic comparison of the causes of the differences. The study finds that: 1) From the perspective of the overall characteristics of innovation network, innovation cooperation in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta became increasingly close, dense and networked from 1995 to 2015. Compared with The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration and the Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta has the most sparse innovation network but the most innovative vitality. 2) In terms of the status of innovation network, as the innovation connection breadth of the three urban agglomerations has been greatly improved, the depth of the connection has a large difference in the space-time evolution, resulting in a clear hierarchical difference in node status. On the whole, status hierarchy shows a typical ''pyramid'' structure. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration showed the most significant ''fault'' phenomenon, while the Yangtze River Delta and pearl River Delta showed the trend of equalization and polarization respectively. 3) From the perspective of spatial spread characteristics, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration led by Beijing and Tianjin, shows an inverted ''V'' shape of sprawl to Shijiazhuang and Baoding in the southwest and Tangshan and Qinhuangdao. The Yangtze River Delta is led by ''Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou'' with multiple cores, expanding outwards around the main core cities. The Pearl River Delta is relying on Guangzhou as the core, Guangzhou-Shenzhen, Guangzhou-Zhuhai and Guangzhou-Foshan as the three axes, inverted ''V'' type spread to the Pearl River Estuary. 4) From the point of driving mechanism, network effects and city bilateral attributes can significantly influence the three urban agglomerations innovation linkage intensity. Multidimensional proximity effect on innovation of contact strength of present typical urban agglomerations heterogeneity, border only positive influence on the innovation of the Yangtze river delta cooperation, spatial distance attenuation effect have a negative effect only in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Yangtze River Delta. The relationship between technological proximity and innovation cooperation in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and The Yangtze River Delta is inverted U-shaped, but positive U-shaped in the Pearl River Delta. The research results are of great significance to enrich the research results of urban network and strengthen the synergistic effect of urban innovation network.

This study has conducted analysis on the clay mineral and elemental composition of karst cave deposits from Bubing Basin of Ganxian, aiming at investigate their regional climate significance. The results shown that the deposits could be divided into the upper layer, lower layer, and bottom gravel three sections. The elemental abundance of cave deposits also shows profile changes, but composition of the trace metal and rare elements is consistent through the whole profile and suggest that these deposits (except the gravel layer) are likely single source sediments. While the CIA index display consistent through the profile with an average of 96.6, suggesting the whole profile of deposits have experienced similar but relative strong weathering processes and the deposits have a single source. In general, the cave deposits were formed in three major period of time, that is a rapid deposit from 150 to 350 ka, and a multi-stage deposit periods of 500-700 ka and the bottom gravel deposits formed 700 ka. Finally, the inconsistency in the profile variation between the clay mineral and elemental composition and contents may reflect the discrepancy in erosion redeposit order and cave leaching-weathering.

The 'emotional turn' of western social sciences prompts human geography to pay attention to how emotions construct spatial meaning. Individuals' emotional response as a 'bottom-up' force has also begun to be concerned by Political Geography, forming a research paradigm of 'emotional geopolitics'. But it is still stuck in understanding and analyzing emotion with symbols, texts and discourses as mediators. In recent years, literatures in international relations have introduced the epistemology and methodology of psychology and neuroscience into the analysis of the relationship between emotion and political activities, calling for a return to the mechanism of emotion generation itself. They deny that political behavior is completely rational, believe that the reconstruction of international relations must be influenced by irrational factors, especially emotions, and try to integrate the mechanisms of affective neuroscience into the theory of international relations. Therefore, this paper calls on geopolitical research to urgently need knowledge spillover from the perspective of geography when focusing on the relationship between emotion and environment, space and place, and to return to the discussion of emotion generation mechanism itself. We firstly sorts out the 'emotional turn' in geopolitics, and discusses the definition of the concept of emotion and its research paradigm in emotional geopolitics. This finds that emotional geopolitics attempts to construct an irrational, pluralistic and individualized political narrative. It takes everyday life as a research field and focuses on how individual emotional power is linked to the geo-environment. However, geopolitical analysis of the connotation and formation mechanism of emotion itself is not thorough, and there is also a lack of techniques and methods to directly measure emotion, and emotion is regarded as a cultural concept constructed in the context of the geo-environment. Then, we tries to draw on the research perspective that intersects with psychology disciplines, combined with the epistemology of non-representational theory on emotion, and establishes the emotional geopolitical research framework of 'mind-body-environment'. In epistemology, this paper argues that in emotional geopolitical analysis, emotional awareness, physical experience and geographical environment should be organically combined to understand how emotion occurs in a specific geographical environment as an over-cognitive habit and reacts to geographical forces. For methodology, from an interdisciplinary perspective, we discusses the methodology of emotional geopolitics. We advocates a combination of naturalism and constructivism, a combination of 'first-person' and 'third-person' approaches. The contribution of this paper is to further highlight the theoretical and practical value of emotion in geopolitical research, so that emotion governance is not only the governance of discourse symbols, but also the whole process of emotional governance from the macro-decision level. At the same time, interdisciplinary research helps to export geography's understanding of space, place and environment to psychology, and make up for the lack of spatial perspective in psychology. The cross-disciplinary analysis framework proposed in this paper mainly draws on the cross-related studies of geopolitics and psychology in the West, and relevant researches in China are still scarce. Based on the Chinese context, more empirical research needs to be focused and discussed in the future.

The identification and mediation of multi-functional potential conflicts in territorial space is an important basis for optimizing the pattern of territorial space and realizing high-quality development. In this paper, the Yellow River Delta is taken as the research area, and the social ecosystem theory is selected to establish conceptual framework of potential conflict of multi-function of territorial space. Then the multi-functional suitability evaluation of territorial space is carried out from three aspects of ecological protection, agricultural production and urban construction. The types, intensities and spatial patterns of multi-functional potential conflicts of territorial space in the Yellow River Delta are revealed by means of multi-dimensional potential conflict identification model. With the help of mediation mechanism of potential conflicts, the optimized pattern of territorial space in the Yellow River Delta is reconstructed. It is concluded that: 1) The suitability of ecological protection, agricultural production and urban construction function in the Yellow River Delta are important, suitable, and suitable, respectively; 2) The types of potential conflicts that the dual-functional type of agricultural production-urban construction and the multi-functional type of ecological protection-agricultural production-urban construction area proportion accounted for 84.12% and 85.35%, and their intensity are severe and moderate respectively, dominated potential conflicts types in the Yellow River Delta; 3) The spatial distribution of multi-functional potential conflicts of territorial space in the Yellow River Delta shows a significant land-river-sea gradient differentiation in the geographical unit, and has a certain degree of imbalance in the administrative unit; 4) Land use planning and land use status play a rigid constraint and flexible guiding effect in the mediation of potential conflicts. The optimized pattern of territorial space formed under the coordination of the two is a scientific guide to regulate the ecological environment vulnerability and regulate the rationality of human activities in the Yellow River Delta.

By examining the relevant monographs and other literature in the field, we analyze the research characteristics and theoretical intersections of four major schools of Economic Geography in the international academics: Geographical Political Economy (GPE), Institutional Economic Geography (IEG), Evolutionary Economic Geography (EEG), and Relational Economic Geography (REG), being proposed and embraced by Economic Geographers. We conclude that there are many similarities among those schools in a common context. GPE and IEG intersect in the study of institutions; PEG and EEG both emphasize the study of "process" or "evolution"; and GPE and REG share commonalities in the relationship between people and organizations. REG and EEG share a common focus on path dependence; EEG emphasizes the relationship between institutions and economic evolution, while REG focuses on the relationship between institutions and economic interaction, and they cross with IEG. The core features of each school are: GPE focuses on the geographic process of political economy (production relations), IEG examines specific institutions at each place that shape or constrain economic behavior and economic outcomes, EEG focuses on the spatial evolution of economic actors such as firms and industrial clusters, and REG focuses on the interrelated role of various factors that shape the economic landscape. These schools of thought make up for some of the shortcomings of the normative analysis of Economic Geography, while forming a deficiency in the study of universal laws. Theoretical construction of Chinese Economic Geography should pay attention to the balance between the specificity of economic phenomena and the generality of theories while encouraging academic views to contend.

Using the data of provincial carbon budget from 1999 to 2017, a spatial econometric model has constructed to examine the key factors affecting the fairness of carbon degree, The results show: 1) Although the carbon emissions equity of most provinces shows an overall upward trend, regional differences still existed. Among them, the carbon emissions equity in the western region is generally higher than the central region; the central region is significantly higher than the eastern region; 2) China's provincial carbon emissions equity has obvious spatial spillover effect: at the national level, the industrial structure, the level of economic development and environmental regulation are the main factors that restrain its development, and the technological progress is the main factor that promotes its promotion. At the regional level, the industrial structure, the urbanization process, the technological innovation and the degree of opening have the most obvious spillover effects on the equity of carbon emissions in the eastern provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions). The level of economic development and the technological innovation of the provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) in the central region have a relatively significant positive spatial spillover effect on the equity of carbon emissions in the surrounding areas. The level of economic development, the degree of opening up and environmental regulation are the main factors restricting the improvement and spillover of the equity of carbon emissions in the provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) in the western region.

Urban green belt is an important means to prevent urban sprawl and improve urban ecological security pattern. However, the city is a complex and open giant system, the actual development and construction process will often break through the planning expectations. In order to explore the non-linear changes of urban green belts with urban development in different periods and different cities, based on the perspective of resilient city construction, this study measured and analyzed the fragmentation and connectivity of green belts in three typical circular megacities of Beijing, Xi'an and Chengdu from 2000 to 2020 by using quantitative methods such as land use transfer matrix and landscape pattern index. The results showed that: 1) From 2000 to 2020, the expansion modes of the three cities were mainly the outlying expansion, and the green belts were continuously eroded by urban construction land. The distribution range of cultivated land in the three urban green belts and their buffer zones decreased significantly from the center to the periphery, and the distribution range of grassland and forest expanded and showed the characteristics of fragmentation and dispersion. 2) The proportion of construction land in the green belts of the three cities continued to rise. The rapid expansion of construction land occupied the most significant ecological land in the green belt of Beijing, followed by Xi'an and Chengdu, accounting for 44.09%, 43.21% and 37.02% respectively. The proportion of construction land area decreased first and then tended to be gentle from the inside to the outside of the green belt and its buffer zones, the proportion of cultivated land area increased first and then tended to be gentle, and other ecological land such as forest and grassland showed slight fluctuations. 3) From 2000 to 2020, the fragmentation degree of green belts in the three cities decreased as a whole, the connectivity of green belts in Beijing gradually decreased, and the connectivity of green belts in Xi'an and Chengdu showed a ''V'' trend of decreasing first and then increasing. However, the changes of landscape fragmentation and connectivity in different urban green belts were significantly different. The fragmentation degree of cultivated land in the green belts of the three cities increased, the connectivity decreased; the fragmentation degree of grassland, water body and construction land decreased, and the connectivity increased.

The low mountain and hilly areas in Northeast China are important grain producing areas and commercial grain bases. High-intensity agricultural cultivation has caused serious soil erosion and increasing erosion ditch hazards. An area of 106.5 km² in the upper reaches of the East Liaohe River was selected as the study area, and the geometric parameters and latitude and longitude of erosion ditches with length ≥ 50 m and depth ≥ 0.5 m in the study area were verified and measured in the field based on the remote sensing images with 2 m resolution and manual prediction of erosion ditches by GIS. Based on DEM, the spatial information of slope gradient, slope aspect and elevation of erosion gullies was obtained; the basic characteristics and spatial and temporal evolution trends of erosion gullies in the study area were analyzed, and the influence of slope gradient and slope aspect on the development of erosion gullies was discussed. The results show that: 1) There are 322 erosion gullies in the study area, with a distribution density of 3.0 gullies /km², a gully density of 0.8 km/km², and a fragmentation degree of 1.4%. The development of erosion gullies is fast, and the intensity of gully erosion has reached an intense degree, which should be paid enough attention to. 2) Erosion gullies are mainly distributed on sloping arable land from 6° to 9°, the influence of slope gradient on gully erosion is obvious, and the high-intensity reclamation of sloping arable land is the main driving force for the increase of gully erosion. 3) There are more erosion gullies on the sunny slope (S, E, etc.), and least erosion gullies on the shady slope (N). Slope aspect also has a certain influence on gully erosion. The research results provide scientific data for understanding the occurrence and evolution of erosion gullies in low mountain and hilly areas of Northeast China.

It is of great significance to explore the formation of water resources and the water balance in Tianchi area for the protection of water resources and ecological environment. Based on the topographic and geomorphologic conditions, the special geological lithology and ring-radial fault structure characteristics of Tianchi area, the water circulation conditions and hydrodynamic characteristics of Tianchi Lake were analyzed. The "hydraulic peak elimination" effect of the ring fault structure and the water conduction effect of the radial fault are clarified, and the possibility of groundwater divide expansion in Tianchi recharge area is demonstrated. Based on the analysis of water circulation and hydrodynamic conditions in Tianchi area, and meteorological and hydrological monitoring data of Tianchi area from 2003 to 2020, the water balance of Tianchi Lake was calculated and analyzed based on the water balance method. The results show that the precipitation conditions in Tianchi area can maintain the water level balance of Tianchi Lake. The water balance of annual excretion of 3.6×10⁷m³ of Tianchi Lake can be maintained when the precipitation is within 850-2 200 m from the outside of the surface watershed around Tianchi Lake. The average surface elevation of the water balance area is 125 m higher than that of Tianchi water surface (2 189.7 m). many ring faults and radial faults in Tianchi area. All the above faults are tensile faults. The ring faults all inclined to Tianchi which provided favorable conditions for groundwater recharge to Tianchi Lake. The formation above 1700 m in Tianchi area is mainly composed of pumice rock and pyroclastic rock, mostly of porosity structure and strong permeability. The special geological structure conditions and stratigraphic lithology in Tianchi area make the surface divide around Tianchi not coincide with the underground watershed in the groundwater recharge area. The dominant seepage conditions of the fault structure around Tianchi constitute the "peak elimination" effect of groundwater potential energy. The ring-radial fault structure and the good permeability of the stratum lithology in Tianchi area make it possible to expand the groundwater watershed. Combined the synthetic analysis result of the of water circulation and hydrodynamic conditions in Tianchi area, and meteorological and hydrological monitoring data of Tianchi area from 2003 to 2020, the water balance of Tianchi Lake was calculated and analyzed based on the water balance method. The results show that the precipitation conditions in Tianchi area can maintain the water balance of annual excretion of 3.6×10⁷ m³ of Tianchi Lake. The distance of the water balance zone boundary is within 850-2 200 m from the outside of the surface watershed around Tianchi Lake. The average surface elevation of the water balance area is 125 m higher than that of Tianchi Lake water surface (2 189.7 m). The factors that may affect the calculation result of water balance, such as precipitation, runoff of Tianchi Lake water, calculation parameter value, condensation water amount and evaporation amount, are analyzed and discussed.