Based on the new trends of urbanization in the world and China as well as Japan's construction of the high-speed transportation network between Tokyo and Osaka metropolitan areas, this paper focuses on strategic layout issues and the development of the state transportation network in the future China. The paper recognized that the world urbanization is manifested in three characteristics: development of global cities and global city-regions,re-prosperity of metropolitan areas and urban giantization and new mega-regions. In Japan, three major metropolitan areas (Tokyo, Osaka and Kyoto) are undergoing polarization development. While implementing the functional restructuring of the Tokyo metropolitan area for industrial development, two new territorial development plans have been launched for the construction of the world’s largest super-mega-region. In China 2018, the total population has peaked and entered a downward channel. However, China’s urbanization process is still in an accelerated period. In the near future, the national urban system will develop from the current “three verticals development axes and two horizontals development axes” to the “four vertical development axes and five horizontal development axes”. On the whole, in the future, although the demand for infrastructure will be at a standstill stage, the infrastructure construction based on large traffic will be splendid in some national strategic zones and potential growth zones, as well as for meeting development of new technologies such as 5G, self-driving cars, et al. These regions maybe become new highlight areas such as the Yangtze (changjiang) River Economic Belt, the Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao Bay area, the Yangtze River Delta Higher Quality Development Integration Zone, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration toward the Beijing World City Construction, Northeast China and Shandong Province. Based on new trends of urbanization, China's transportation network strategic should focus on following three aspects: 1) the state transportation networks should be encrypted in some national strategic zone; 2) Planning and construction of the driverless highway in advance; 3) Pay attention to the development of transportation infrastructure to stimulate the development of potential growth zones. For example, the eastern and western high-speed passages in the Northeast, the high-speed traffic interconnection between Shandong and Jiangsu, Henan and Hebei, and Northeast China. In addition, some other high-speed traffic lines have also become more and more important for the development of the Central China and the western China, for example, the line between Urumqi and Kashgar, Yinchuan-Lanzhou-Xining, Xining-Chengdu, Chongqing-Guiyang-Nanning-Qinzhou, Chengdu-Lhasa, Kunming-Baoshan, Yinchuan-Xi'an-Wuhan-Nanchang-Fuzhou-Taipei, Hefei-Nanchang-Zhangzhou, etc..
Taking the literature of the regional spatial structure of the authoritative journals of Chinese geography as a sample, the general characteristics of the research on the regional spatial structure of China are summarized through the analysis of the number of articles, research keywords, research teams, and the distribution of scientific research institutions and regions. It is found that the number of periodicals published in the area of regional spatial structure research in China is generally on the rise; the problems and contents of the study of regional spatial structure in China mainly include the process of urbanization, the urban spatial structure, the evolution of the spatial structure of urban agglomeration, the dynamic mechanism of the regional spatial structure evolution, and so on. It includes spatial analysis methods such as factor analysis and cluster analysis, 3S technology and models. As scholars have more comprehensive and deeper understanding of the evolution process of regional spatial structure, research methods are becoming increasingly diverse and complex. On the basis of combing and summarizing the main related achievements of the regional spatial structure in China, the key development direction of the future China's regional spatial structure should be focused on: 1) expanding the global vision and strengthening the theoretical innovation, focusing on the development of the micro scale research field, and focusing on the process law of the micro scale space development, the type and model and the dynamic mechanism; 2) the research paradigm and research methods are diversified to form a comprehensive integrated study of multidisciplinary infiltration and integration based on geography, to strengthen the research on the policy system of regional spatial structure optimization, to promote regional coordinated development and to enhance the decision-making support capability of service society.
The rapid urbanization and de-industrialization process has produced many under-utilized or abandoned industrial and commercial properties, commonly referred to as brownfield. A brownfield is a property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant. Urban brownfield sites have frequently appeared and become ‘cancers’ in China. Cleaning up and reinvesting in these properties could increase local tax bases, facilitate job growth, utilize existing infrastructure, take development pressures off from undeveloped open land, improve and protect the environment. Despite these advantages, brownfield reclamation faces significant obstacles due to high clean up costs, insufficient investment resources, uncertain timelines and liability associated with contaminated properties. The importance of sustainable brownfield regeneration has recently been heightened by factors. However, this is a complex and multifaceted issue, since many existing brownfield sites not only present environmental challenges, but also raise issues of environmental justice and social equity. Urban brownfield is also a major forefront scientific problem, a weak research field need to be strengthened, and one of the greatest challenges for municipal planners and developers. In view of the lack of the spatial perspective and the practical needs of new-type urbanization to renovate and protect in the old industrial bases of China, this paper defines the basic definition and intension of urban brownfield, draws and analyzes the atlas of research hotpots, keywords, major research subjects on brownfield, taking the 461 related literatures on ‘Web of Science’ and the 244 related literatures on ‘CNKI（China National Knowledge Infrastructure）’ from 2001 to 2017 as subjects by using CiteSpace. It is the hotspots and main contents of heavy metal, sustainability, brownfield redevelopment, management, remediation, urban brownfield, and landscape architecture on the research of brownfiled. We review the present research on the method of identification, GIS database, assessment system, reconstruction technology, landscape planning and design , mechanism and policies, typical cases of brownfield. Also, this paper provides a framework of multidisciplinary integration and prospects on urban brownfield from a geographical perspective. In the future, efforts need to be made to establish a unified conceptual framework, pay attention to the hotspots of brownfield research from a geographical perspective, mining methods of identifying brownfield, build a GIS database, construct a comprehensive assessment mode, further study the model and planning of brownfield reuse, take a case study of particular cities and particular brownfield sites .
Encyclopedia of China is a treasure trove of national cultural heritage. The Geography Volume, as a critical volume of Encyclopedia of China, is a handbook for geographers, serving as a gateway for the general public to acquire knowledge of geography. As a mirror that reflects the transformation of China's geography, the Geography Volume summarizes the transformation over time and draws lessons from history. The third edition of ‘Encyclopedia of China-Geography Volume’ has focused on Southwest China as a key area for study. With an in-depth investigation on the composition and features of encyclopedia entries, this paper discusses the innovations, deficiencies and prospects of geographic progresses in Southwest China. The results show Southwest China's geographic features, such as synergetic development of tourism and landscape, major concerns for resource management and ecological protection, notable research achievements on geo-hazards, as well as prominent advantages of geo-politics and economic strategies. Based on the development of geography in Southwest, this paper suggests the following prospects: strengthening comprehensive study on basic theory and regional geography, enhancing the study of dynamic response to global change, expanding quantitative and applied research, and building human capital for scientific education in geography.
The urban agglomeration has become an important carrier of gathering element resources and innovation activities because of its strong ability to integrate resources, make up for insufficient innovation ability of a single city and overall location advantage. As innovation space has changed from "local space" to "mobile space", the innovation has changed from linear mode to network mode. A city does not innovate alone, but through a series of complex interactions with regional and cross-regional cities. Therefore, regional and interregional innovation networks of urban agglomeration are important aspects of the process of innovation. The rise of network approach endows innovation with new perspective of multi-scale spatial coupling and enriches the connotation of regional innovation model. In this article, theoretical analysis framework is constructed from three dimensions of geographical opening, regional coordination and innovation ability based on the network perspective. We depict the characteristics of regional innovation and classify the regional innovation model of China’s ten major urban agglomerations into eight types. The result shows that there are significant differences in the regional innovation model of urban agglomerations. The urban agglomeration in the Yangtze River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the Pearl River Delta has a good foundation. The Haixi urban agglomeration lacks high level internal coordination, the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and Chengdu-Chongqing rely heavily on the external connections. The Beibu Gulf urban agglomeration has an obvious core-edge internal network structure, and the Hachang, Zhongyuan and Guanzhong urban agglomeration is not good in each dimension evaluation, this regional innovation model is the worst. Accurate judgement of the development status and regional types of urban agglomeration is very important for promoting and directing regional development. The conclusions of this study give specific policy guidelines for the future development of different types of urban agglomerations in China. The Yangtze River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration has good foundation. But, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration should strengthen their internal relations except Beijing and Tianjin, and the external relations of the urban agglomeration in the Pearl River Delta should be further complemented; The Haixi urban agglomeration should actively promote its internal linkages between inland cities and coastal cities to promote the level of coordination. The promotion of technology transfer and diffusion in this region would accelerated the completion of the fourth largest urban agglomeration in China; The urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, Chengdu-Chongqing and Beibu Gulf have different outstanding advantages and disadvantages, these regions should base on their own reality, avoid the shortcoming and break through the higher form of the current path to the urban agglomeration. The Ha Chang, Zhongyuan and Guanzhong urban agglomeration although adjacent to each other in space, there is no close relationship between them for various reasons. Construction of regional innovation system of these urban agglomerations focus on planning and designing, fostering at the present stage is early in fashion. Actually, this article is not involve the mechanism of network effects on urban agglomeration innovation mode. Therefore, we would combine qualitative analysis to explore in future.
The Characteristic Town, as a new type of development model for small towns, is with important significance of multidimensional agglomeration and demonstration in the field of population, industry and culture. 69 characteristic towns in the Yangtze River Delta Region are selected as research objects in this study, the methods of ArcGIS spatial analysis and SPSS cluster analysis are applied to demonstrate the spatial characteristics and regional types of Characteristic Town. The research result can be concluded that: 1) The distribution of the characteristic towns in the Yangtze River Delta Region tends to be concentrated in multiple dense areas, particularly, concentrated in the junction of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai and Anhui with Shanghai as the core. The distribution of the characteristic towns in different cities is uneven, and its spatial form is a core with multi-group clusters, it is distributed along the main traffic line and is mostly located in the inter-provincial marginalized area. 2) There are various types of characteristic towns, which significantly influenced by the local characteristic resources and culture. The industrial development-oriented towns are growing, and the tourism-developing characteristic towns are relatively declining in the Yangtze River Delta Region. The geographical types of characteristic towns can be divided into five categories, including the industrial development-type characteristic towns in the plain area or the agricultural service-type characteristic towns, the river network-type characteristic towns or the low-town historical and cultural characteristic towns-tourism-type characteristic towns. It is suggested that the future development should consider the inter-regional heterogeneity and proximity convergence of the characteristic towns, and pay attention to the adjacent township multi-town group to use their respective industrial advantages to jointly develop and enhance the overall competitiveness.
From the perspective of per capita marine output, the density of marine economy, the contribution of marine industries, and with the help of DER index, Wolfson index and information diffusion technology, this study analyzed the trend and regularity of marine economic polarization in 11 coastal provinces in China （not including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan） during 1996-2015 , and explained the causes of polarization using the DER index identity-alienation framework .The study found: 1) Between 1996 and 2015, polarization effect begins to appear in the per capita marine output, the density of marine economy, the contribution of marine industries. 2) The DER index and Wolfson index of marine economic density, and contribution of marine industries all showed an upward trend. The DER index of per capita marine output shows an upward trend while the Wolfson index shows a downward trend. 3) The changes of alienation are the major causes of changes in the polarization of the marine economy. So this study proposed countermeasures to promote the coordinated and sustainable development of marine economy in Chinese coastal provinces.
Spatial boundaries and structural characteristics of metropolitan areas are of great significance for understanding the interactive relationship between cities and regions. Using the data of expressway flows, this paper explored the core-periphery spatial linkages patterns with the indexes of spatial linkages intensity and temporal distance to the central city. On this basis, the spatial boundaries of the metropolitan areas in Northeast China were identified and the characteristics of core-periphery structures were discussed. This article shows that, firstly, the expressway flows of central cities conform to the law of distance attenuation and the Pareto's principle. But the threshold values of different central cities show significant differences, indicating that the agglomerating and radiating effects of the central cities on the surrounding areas have the differences in distance, intensity and direction. Secondly, Shenyang metropolitan area, Changchun metropolitan area, Harbin metropolitan area, and Dalian metropolitan area, where most of the social and economic activities in Northeast China agglomerated, are geographically neighbored. Comparing with Changchun metropolitan area and Harbin metropolitan area, Shenyang metropolitan area and Dalian metropolitan area have a higher density of economic activities and closer spatial linkages, and have integrated as a whole in the urban system network, while the linkages among Shenyang metropolitan area, Changchun metropolitan area and Harbin urban area are relatively loose. Thirdly, under the space of expressway flows, the core-periphery spatial structures of the metropolitan areas show typical characteristics of spatial layers, functional corridors and boundary effect, which have a great impact on the regional economic organization. In future, the development of the metropolitan areas in the Northeast China should focus on solving the restrictive effect of the administrative boundary, promoting the organic combination of the metropolitan areas around Harbin-Dalian axis, and finally forming a regional cooperation system in the form of urban agglomeration or megalopolis.
With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in China, there are significant changes occurred in the urban and rural regional structure, industrial structure, employment structure, and social structure, and China’s economic growth and social development have made great achievements in recent years. Nevertheless, the development strategy of urban bias, the low level of inter-generational culture of farmers, and the constraints of environmental bottlenecks have led to the emergence of the binary urban-rural structure. With a large base and a wide distribution of vulnerable rural population, the development of the poor and the multi-dimensional poverty group, the problem of the vicious cycle of poverty is extremely serious. China has been an active advocator and a powerful promoter of the world's poverty alleviation cause. The problem of rural poverty remains a significance hurdle to building a moderately prosperous society comprehensively and charting the roadmap for rural vitalization in China. Using entropy method and geodetector, the paper selects 18 indicators from 3 aspects of farmers' basic survival performance, self-development performance and county poverty alleviation performance to study the anti-poverty performance evaluation, spatial geographical differentiation characteristics and influencing factors of 51 poverty-stricken counties in Hunan Province, China in 2017. It can be shown that: farmers in poverty-stricken counties in Hunan Province can generally meet the basic needs of survival; the poverty-stricken counties around the urban areas such as Wulingyuan district and Hecheng district, as well as those around the Luoxiao Mountain Range, have higher scores for self-development performance, while those around the Xuefeng Mountain Range are generally lower; the poverty-stricken counties with high levels of poverty alleviation performance are scattered in space, and the performance levels of the northwestern minority areas in the province and the poverty-stricken counties in the south-central areas need to be strengthened. The anti-poverty performance of Hunan Province generally presents spatial characteristics of alternating high, medium and low performance levels. The poverty-stricken counties with higher anti-poverty performance levels are closer to urban areas such as Wulingyuan district and Hecheng district and Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomerations. The development of county areas are the decisive factor affecting the performance of anti-poverty in Hunan Province, the conditions of farmers and rural conditions are the basic factors, and natural conditions are important factors. The interaction between these factors is far greater than the single factor, and no single factor can play an independent role in the development process. These all reflect the complexity characteristics of the influencing factors of anti-poverty performance in Hunan Province.
In recent years, the boom of rural e-commerce in China has produced obvious effect on the morphology of economy, society and space in rural areas. Attempting to reveal the process and mechanism of rural restructuring driven by e-commerce, we applied semi-structural interview to depict and analyze the characteristics of this transition from the dimensions of economy, society and ecology. Moreover, we synthesized participatory rural appraisal and GIS techniques to map and quantitatively illustrate the spatial changes. Ultimately, the influential factors and characteristics of this pioneering undertaking were analyzed. The results showed dramatic changes in socio-economic morphology of Xiaying Village. Firstly, as for industrial mode, the pattern dominated by traditional agriculture has been transformed to that with a combination of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries. The industrial chain that integrates production, processing and selling has gradually formed, so that the industrial structure tends to be comprehensive and presents an ecological transition. Secondly, a growing number of young people who have become the mainstream of rural development get employed in non-agricultural industry, which indicates that rural e-commerce is an effective path for realizing situ urbanization. Rural e-commerce complicates the interest relationship among villagers and awakens their subject consciousness, thereby causing the increasing diversification of governance mainstream. In response, the trend of public service perfection, lifestyle modernization and social communication visualization becomes prominently. Thirdly, the element flows and their inherent physical movement resulted in the changes of their space carrier, concretely embodies in the gradual compression of agricultural production space and the intensive expansion of non-agricultural production space. Production-ecological compound space has experienced a sharp increase, and living space tends to be multifunctional and intensive. Fourthly, the industrial foundation of kallaite exploitation and processing plays a pivotal role in the process of rural restructuring in Xiaying Viallge. Besides, the e-commerce platform, logistics infrastructure, rural elites, resource endowments, as well as government support also function as the initial engine, resource support and external power. Finally, we analyzed the obstacles of rural restructuring and proposed some targeted countermeasures. Moreover, challenges and opportunities created by e-commerce for rural areas of inland and coastal areas were discussed, respectively.
Based on the statistical data, field survey and interview data, this paper studies the spatio-temporal path, pattern and mechanism of Taiwan's planting technology diffusion in Zhangpu County of Fujian Province. By doing so, this article reveals the unique characteristics of Taiwanese agricultural technology in the Mainland China which provides the basis for promoting agricultural cooperation and technological exchanges across the Taiwan Straits. The main results show a typical “Stype” curve of temporal diffusion. The diffusion resistance is low and the demonstration effect is remarkable, so that the diffusion rate is fast and the cycle is short. In the spatial dimension, a diffusion pattern of multi-core, multi intensity, gradient diffusion system and diffusion field overlapped is found. Taiwan famers are the source of technological diffusion, but the diffusion intensity decays with distance. Local professional seedling cultivators serve as the local diffusion nodes who promote the technological diffusion to further regions. Furthermore, where the diffusion field overlapped shows higher diffusion intensity than other regions. The diffusion form shows both extended diffusion and rank diffusion way. Moreover, the results also show that the main motivation factors for the temporal and spatial diffusion pattern are agricultural factors input, government technical support and economic benefits. Technical support from agricultural departments gives assistance to the technological diffusion by diagnosing and treating the plant diseases and insect pests, although the Taiwan agricultural technology hasn’t been yet involved into the science technology extension system. As a labor and material intensive technology, the material and labor inputs promote the technological diffusion. Besides, the fluctuation of purchase prices deeply affects the technology adoptions of local farmers. The market competition and natural conditions restrict the spatial diffusion. The rising scale and planting areas of local dominant varieties, i.e. Longan and Litchi, will hinder the spread of Zizyphus muaritiana’s planting technology due to the technological maturity of local varieties. The regional climate and terrain obviously influence the technology diffusion, although the geographical proximity and economic benefit weaken the limited power of regional climate and terrain at the beginning of the study. The geographical distance and technical protection behavior of technical source are also found to affect the diffusion pattern. The key findings of the paper have important policy implications: Strengthening investment promotion to build a more diversified technology source, establishment of multiple communication channels, giving full play to the technical guidance and auxiliary role of the government as well as issuing more dynamic market and technology information will promote the diffusion of Taiwanese agricultural technology and enhance the Cross-Strait communication and cooperation in agriculture. But there are still some shortcomings: one is that the paper has not yet reveals the multi-scale diffusional pattern and rule of Taiwanese agricultural technology which may exhibit different results; the other is that the influences of geography proximity as well as the behavior and the social network embeddedness of technical subjects haven’t been studied. Future study may focus at the social network embeddedness of Taiwan farmers and reconstruction of local social network to explore the diffusion network embeds in the social network.
It has vital sense on impelling the coordinate and balanceable development of regional economy to study the spatial differentiation pattern of industrial development. At the same time, Hainan Province is an important area with a strategic role in China's overall development, but it is still an underdeveloped province. It is necessary to optimize the industrial spatial layout for promoting the construction of the Hainan Free Trade Zone and Free Trade port, and achieving coordinated and balanced development of regional economy in Hainan Province. Moreover, this paper, using the methods of industrial location Gini coefficient, geographical concentration rate, industrial gradient coefficient and regression analysis, analyzed comprehensively the spatial differentiation pattern and its driving mechanism in Hainan province since the construction of the International Tourist Island in 2009 from three levels of overall industry, three industries and letter industries. The results shown as follows: fistly, the overall industry and most industries, especially the tertiary industry, the most capital-intensive and technology-intensive service industries, and productive service industries had a higher degree of spatial differentiation, which distributed mainly in a few coastal non-ethnic cities and counties and shown obvious differentiation pattern of coast-inland, non-ethnic ethnic areas and similar U-shaped in the north-south direction. Secondly, in the aspect of the employment number of overall industry, three industries and 10 letter industries, the spatial differentiation tended to aggravate, and the spatial distribution tended to concentrate in a few cities and counties, especially coastal non-ethnic cities and counties, while in the aspect of the added value of overall industry, three industries and the employment number of 6 letter industries, the spatial differentiation tended to slow down, and the spatial distribution tended basically to disperse southward from the northern coastal areas, which meant that the strategic implementation of the International Tourist Island has brought spatial expansion of the key industries identified by planning, such as some tourism-related industries. Additionally, the pattern of industrial spatial differentiation in Hainan Province is the result of comprehensive action of factor endowment effect, circular cumulative causal effects, division economic effects, institutional inductive effects brought about by the implementation of Hainan International Tourism Island Construction Strategy, spatial neighbor effects, and external economic effects. The study verified basically some research conclusions on industrial spatial differentiation, and also indicated that Hainan Province need pay more attention to develop public services and advantageous industries in the inland and ethnic areas, and guide appropriately the concentration and dispersion of industries to some inland and ethnic cities and counties, so as to increase the balance of industrial spatial layout.
The tourism experience quality of Chinese theme parks needs to raise to meet the challenges from outside. A full-dimension evaluation system and its spatial differentiation characteristics provide the basis for differentiation competitive strategy. Tourists’ online reviews provided rich original materials for building quality evaluation model of the tourism experience of theme park. Based on the evaluation model, the tourism experience quality of 69 Chinese theme parks was measured and its spatial differentiation characteristics was revealed. The results show that: 1) Tourists’ online reviews provide a data basis for full-dimension evaluation, and semantic analysis makes some basic constitutes of tourism experience quality which are difficult to quantify measure. 2) Gradation of 69 Chinese theme parks is divied into 4 levels by tourism experience quality score, and the hierarchical structure takes the shape of an olive, which is small at both ends but big in the middle. The tourism experience quality of subject and object present differential distribution, but the tourism experience quality of tourism situational is volatile. 3) The tourism experience quality of different types of the theme parks has different relative superiority and inferiority. 4) The tourism experience quality of different grades of the theme parks is not obvious. 5) The spatial mismatch between spatial distribution of theme parks and its tourism experience quality appears at prefectural level, and the overall Chinese theme parks agglomeration has significant positive effect on its industrial upgrading and promotion of competitiveness.
Hohhot is one of the famous historical and cultural cities in China. It is not only the forward position in the construction of the “China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor”, but also one of the important supporting points for the economic development in the northern border of China. The article uses GIS as the technology platform, taking Hohhot as the research area, and adopts modern cartography, ancient maps, remote sensing image data, historical recordsand modern literature to producea GIS data of the streets during 6 typical historical periods. The combination of quantitative and qualitative methods are used to analyze the spatial-temporal evolution process of the streets for nearly 100 years as well as its characteristics. The results show that in the nearly 100 years from the end of the Qing Dynasty to the beginning of the 21st century, the streets of the study areashad gradually formed the 3-dimensional network system combining expressways, ring roads, main roads, avenue, side streets, and lanes from an disorderly street system combined with a checkerboard type. nowadays. The spatial-temporal evolution of streets in the study areaspossesses the characteristics of “spreading pie like” spacial expansion, and of spatial evolution which gather first and then disperse.The study areas expended from 9 km 2 in the late Qing Dynasty to 256.48 km 2 in 2016, about 28.49 times extended. Compared with the periods of late Qing and early Ming Dynasties, the streets in 2016 extended and expanded from the scope of the original Guihua City and Suiyuan City to the surrounding areas. From the early years after liberation to the reform and opening-up period, the evolution of streets was characterized by the combination of inward-filling development and slow northward expansion. During the period of rapid urbanization, the newly-added streets in the study areas extended aroundthese 2 cities in question, showing the features of spatial evolutionof outward expansion. Today, more than 100 years later, the streets and lanes in the original Guihua city have basically disappeared, while the streets in Suiyuan City have basically maintained the chessboard pattern of the Qing Dynasty. The main driving factors for the spatial-temporal evolution of the streets in the study areas include population growth, urban planning and construction, agglomeration and dispersion, as well as geological features.
The coastal zone is the border area between the land and the ocean. The marine resources are rich. In particular, since the reform and opening up in 1978, the coastal economy has developed rapidly. The rapid urbanization process has led to large-scale exploitation of coastal resources, and human activities severely affected shoreline evolution in the Bohai Rim region. Therefore, studying the changes of coastline and reclamation evolution is conducive to the sustainable development of coastal regional economy and the supervision and management of decision-making departments. The spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of the shoreline under the action of sea reclamation were researched based on the remote sensing images in nine years (1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2017). The MNDWI method, transfer matrix of land use, the fractal dimension method and regression analysis were used in the study. These data were processed by 3S technology and the soft wares of eCognition9.0, ArcGIS10.2 and SPSS. The results show that the Yellow River delta, Laizhou bay, Bohai bay and Liaodong bay changed a lot, the natural shoreline length decreased by 80%, whereas the artificial shoreline increased by 1 977.9 km in past 40 years. The fractal dimension of shoreline has been increased and tended to zigzag. Meanwhile, sea reclamation area increased by 1 988.5 km 2 during 1980-2017. Its main land use types are transformed from aquatic farm, salt field and agricultural land to aquatic farm, salt field and construction land. There is a significant linear relationship between the reclamation process and the change of the length of the coastline. To sum up, the sea reclamation evolution affects the changes of shoreline, including aquaculture, farmland reclamation, industrialization and urban construction, etc.
Adopting remote sensing data, ecosystem regulation service was accounted in 2015. Then using the Eighth National Inventory of Forest Resources, Second National Wetland Resources Survey and Grassland Monitoring Report, the cost of ecological degradation was accounted due to irrational utilizing of ecosystem in forests, grasslands and wetlands to degrade the ecosystem regulation service in 2015. Some results were shown as follows: 1) In 2015, the cost of ecological degradation was about 2.38 trillion yuan, accounting for 3.3% of the GDP. Among them, the cost of forest ecological degradation was 0.24 trillion yuan, accounting for 10.2% of the total ecological damages. The cost of grassland ecological degradation was 0.31 trillion yuan, accounting for13.1% of the total ecological damage. The cost of wetland ecological degradation was 1.83 trillion yuan, accounting for 76.7% of the overall ecological damage. 2) The cost of ecological degradation in China was mainly distributed in the western regions, and its remains large spatial difference. The cost of ecological degradation in Qinghai, Hunan, Sichuan, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia and Jiangsu were all above 100 billion yuan. 3) The cost of ecological degradation mainly came from climate regulation service and water flow regulation service in China, which accounted for 73.3% and 17.8% of the total ecological degradation. 4) There are different degrees of human-induced damage to ecosystem in China. The forest over-exploitation rate is 0.82%, the livestock overload rate of the key natural grasslands is 13.5%, and the wetland area seriously threatened by human activities accounts for 19.6% of the wetland area. China should further strengthen the protection of wetlands to prevent the degradation of wetland ecosystem from threatening human welfare.
The changes in the characteristics of urban land surface thermal field caused by urban development have significant impacts on regional climate and ecological environment. Urban land surface thermal field reflects the relationship between urban expansion and environmental temperature. Understanding the formation causes and coupling association of urban land surface thermal field and urban development has important academic research significance. Conducting long-term surface monitoring and measurement in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region, studying the characteristics of the land surface thermal field and its variation by the perspective of regionalization. Land surface temperature (LST) and impervious surface percentage (ISP) in the main urban area of Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan in 1995, 2005, and 2015 were obtained by Landsat remote sensing images. The methods of ten fold cross validation and record value verification were used to evaluate results of ISP and LST. Based on the hot spot aggregation method, study area was zoned for low, medium, and high LST zones. In the same way, study area was zoned to natural land surface, low, and high ISP zones based on threshold segmentation method. And the land surface thermal field in the main urban area of Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan was divided into nine types according to the regionalization information about LST and ISP. Then the development law, the inter-annual change situation, and the regional contribution of different types of land surface thermal field were analyzed and discussed based on the method of mathematical statistics, standard deviation ellipse, and contribution index. The study find that the LST has a significant correlation with the ISP in main urban area of Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan, the multiple correlation coefficients are 0.88, 0.92, and 0.94 from 1995 to 2015, this also reflects that the relationship between the two land surface attributes is gradually strengthening. The LST would rise with the increase of ISP. This growth phenomenon performs fast in 1995 and is slow in 2005 and 2015 relative. The mean value of ISP is 49.72%, 53.87%, and 57.17% in three periods, and high LST zone area also maintains 1.5 time growth rates over time. The development focal axis of land surface thermal field remains in the northwest-southeast direction and accumulates along the axis over time. The centroid of land surface thermal field in the main urban area of Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan is concentrated in the central part of each city. The inter-annual change rate of land surface thermal field increases from 12.00% to 13.71%, the type of land surface thermal field continues to change to the form of “high LST and high ISP”. Besides, the land surface thermal field shows the change characteristics of “step down” in LST and “large at both ends and small in the middle” in ISP. The land surface thermal field of the main urban area of Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan continues to expand in space. The spatial distribution of the land surface thermal field in Beijing’s main urban area gradually spreads from the south to the entire area. Tianjin’s land surface thermal field spreads rapidly from the central area to the port. Tangshan’s spatial distribution of land surface thermal field is more significant in the north. Different main urban areas have different contributions to the overall area: Beijing's contribution is concentrated in areas of high-grade land surface thermal fields. Tianjin's contribution to various types of land surface thermal field is balanced. And Tangshan's contribution is inclined to shift to higher grade land surface thermal fields. The study is applicable to assessing spatial and temporal changes in the thermal field in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region, and promoting the coordinated development of construction planning and ecological environment in the urban community area.
To study the effect of hydrological projects on the river network structure in the three outlets of Southern Jingjiang River, this article interpreted maps of river network of the year 1954, 1975, 1990, 2008 and 2016, and quantitatively evaluated the effect of projects on variation in river network with the help of grey correlation model. Results show that: 1) In the last 60 years, in terms of the general features, the number and length of river decreased from 264 to 132 and 2 183.6 to 1 560.6 km respectively; River density and water surface ratio reduced from 0.084 per km 2 to 0.042 per km 2 and 17.45% to 14.33%. In terms of growing features, drainage density, ratio of area to length, and growth index were decreased from 0.687 km/km 2, 3.96 km/km 2, and 6.902 in 1954 to 0.475 km/km 2, 3.17 km/km 2, and 4.165 in 2016; fractal dimension of the four rivers in the three outlets, though ranged between 1.5 and 2.0, all demonstrated a declining trend. These indicate that natural evolution of river network in the three outlets of Southern Jingjiang River has been significantly disturbed by construction of hydrological projects. 2) The first important factor responsible for the change of river network is the total capacity of reservoirs, followed by inside projects and outside projects. Factors’ grey coefficients were all above 0.5. The coefficient of outside projects to river density, water surface ratio, drainage density, ratio of area to length, and growth index was 0.571 8, 0.592 2, 0.5858, 0.577 1, and 0.634 0, respectively, while the value of inside projects and total capacity of reservoirs to these indicators were 0.6325, 0.652 7, 0.6465, 0.6306, and 0.693 7, 0.707 0, 0.729 4, 0.722 6, 0.712 7, and 0.7284. 3) The effects of hydrological projects on river network structure were of different characteristics in different periods. Because of the superimposed effect induced by successive operating projects, the influence of hydrological projects on river network has been enlarged, causing simplified structure of river network. Results of this research will play a significant role in the distribution of hydrological projects, channel improvement, and river-lake connectivity projects in both the upper reaches of Yangtze River and the three outlets of Southern Jingjiang River.
