地理科学  2018 , 38 (7): 1079-1088 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.07.009

不同尺度下长江经济带物流联系格局、特征及影响因素研究

宓泽锋, 曾刚

华东师范大学中国现代城市研究中心/城市与区域科学学院, 上海 200062

Logistics Linkage Pattern, Characteristics and Influencing Factors of the Yangtze River Economic Belt Under Different Scales

Mi Zefeng, Zeng Gang

School of Urban and Regional Science, Center for Modern Chinese City Studies, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China

中图分类号:  F503

文献标识码:  A

文章编号:  1000-0690(2018)07-1079-10

通讯作者:  通讯作者:曾刚,教授。E-mail:gzeng@re.ecnu.edu.cn

收稿日期: 2017-06-2

修回日期:  2017-08-14

网络出版日期:  2018-07-20

版权声明:  2018 《地理科学》编辑部 本文是开放获取期刊文献,在以下情况下可以自由使用:学术研究、学术交流、科研教学等,但不允许用于商业目的.

基金资助:  国家重点研发计划重点专项(2016YFC0502701)、国家自然科学基金面上项目(41071093,41371147)资助

作者简介:

作者简介:宓泽锋(1991-),男,浙江余姚人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为协同与区域发展研究。E-mail:mizefeng1991@163.com

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摘要

借助从货运网站上抓取的2015年水路货运、公路货运、铁路货运、航空货运OD数据55 623条,基于物质流的视角,采用回归分析,对长江经济带物流联系现状及其影响因素进行了研究。研究发现:长江经济带货运网络总体上呈现东部发达、西部落后格局,阶梯状发展特征显著,上海龙头作用显著,省会城市地位突出。从影响因子来看,空间尺度越大,规律性越强。航空货运受地区间物流服务能力和基础设施差异的深刻影响,而水路货运主要受地区间转运能力差异影响、陆路货运受多种要素综合影响显著。为助推长江经济带综合立体交通走廊建设,建议东、中部地区注重发挥不同运输方式的协同作用,着力提升区域运输效率。对地形崎岖的西部地区而言,应合理开发和搭配水运和少数空运中心,改善交通区位。

关键词: 长江经济带 ; 物流联系 ; 货运网络 ; 转运能力

Abstract

Typically speaking, logistics is an important way to the flow of basic elements, and its linkage specifically reflects the “flow space”. This article describes the logistics connection pattern of the Yangtze River economic belt, and quantitatively studies the influencing factors of logistics, obtaining 55 623 OD data of waterway freight, road freight, rail freight and air freight from the freight professional websites in 2015. Conclusions are as follows: 1) Airway freight is the most active in the western provinces, because it is less affected by underlying surface elements. While in the cross-regional linkage, the feature performed by the east-west linkages among big cities is extremely significant. The waterway freight network is the most developed in the eastern area (especially in Jiangsu), followed by the central region, and the western waterway freight network is still in the initial stage of low-intensity link. Compared with the first two freight network, the overall land freight network is well developed which has formed the pattern of the capital city as the network center. Moreover, the eastern region has begun to develop into multi-center network model. 2) Each mode of logistics linkage is affected by different factors. For example, airway freight is influenced by the difference of inter-regional logistics service capacity and infrastructure, which is more likely to make contact with the greater gap between the cities. Waterway freight is mainly affected by the difference of inter-regional transport capacity. The contact form of “Weak transport capacity of the city: strong transport capacity of the city” is extremely obvious. In general, land freight has the most obvious effect of all aspects, which is the result of comprehensive impact of the various elements. 3) In the provincial scale, it is not obvious of the influence from the various factors due to the distinct conditions of each province. Overall, the larger the scale, the stronger the regularity of the impact of the various aspects, the logistics will reflect.

Keywords: the Yangtze River Economic Belt ; logistics linkage ; freight network ; transport capacity

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宓泽锋, 曾刚. 不同尺度下长江经济带物流联系格局、特征及影响因素研究[J]. 地理科学, 2018, 38(7): 1079-1088 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.07.009

Mi Zefeng, Zeng Gang. Logistics Linkage Pattern, Characteristics and Influencing Factors of the Yangtze River Economic Belt Under Different Scales[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018, 38(7): 1079-1088 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.07.009

引言

空间是地理学研究的重要对象之一。随着全球化的加深,地理学关注的重点从“场所空间”逐渐向“流空间”转变[1],进而引发了基于网络视角的城市格局、网络形态和功能的讨论。Coe等全球生产网络学者利用网络数据,刻画了全球生产网络的形态和格局[2];Cooke等新区域主义学者研究了网络和创新绩效之间的关系[3];而Goetz、Matsumoto等学者运用航空等交通流数据,对世界城市体系进行了刻画[4,5];Huggins等则认为网络主体可通过网络获取知识和信息[6],引发了多城市等级的再思考;Bathelt、Boschma、Balland等学者对网络特征、空间分布和网络演化进行了大量研究[7,8,9]。而交通和信息技术的进步是重新塑造城市格局和功能的一大因素[10,11],物流成为国外学者关注的重要对象[12]

研究各种交通运输方式间的互动机制、探讨空间流机理是中国交通运输地理学重要的研究方向[13]。金凤君、王成金、曹有挥等交通地理学者指出,从全国尺度看,交通运输与社会经济发展相对协调,而在省级及以下尺度不够协调;中国交通已经完成了骨架搭建和基础网络拓展,开始进入交通运输融合和升级新阶段[13]。大量研究表明,不同运输方式之间存在着差异性。褚艳玲等在梳理了21世纪以来中国航空货运空间变化之后指出,航空格局总体与经济格局相吻合,航运中心逐渐向西北内陆移动,网络结构向轴辐式网络转化[14];王成金等基于人口、经济、可达性视角对中国高速公路网络演化进行分析后指出,西部地区高速公路网络已经得到了极大发展,拉近了核心区与边缘区的时间距离,但并未改变交通区位的相对优劣程度[15];王姣娥等分析了高铁对中国333个地级行政单元和4个直辖市发展的影响,发现高铁发挥了显著廊道作用,缩小了城市间联系差距,但扩大了联系强度差异[16];王伟、王成金等认为,港口是煤炭等大宗货物的重要集散中转节点,长江干支流港口建设是大宗物资运输的重要一环[17,18]。综上所述,从交通基础设施建设实践来看,中国交通运输基础设施建设逐渐完善,但交通运输空间格局并未改变,城市间发展潜力差距甚至还有进一步扩大的趋势;尽管不同运输方式的服务对象、运营绩效不同,但对不同运输方式互补性重视不够,发达城市重复建设问题突出[13],落后地区建设滞后。从交通地理研究来看,地理学者对物流格局及其影响因子关注较多,对物流的形成及其影响因素关注不够。

中国已经步入各种交通方式融合升级的新阶段。长江经济带建设对于中国具有重要战略意义[19,20],而长江经济带横跨中国东中西三大地带,是典型的空间异质区。为了缩小东中西部发展差距、实现中国国土空间的合理开发、经济社会的均衡发展,国务院发布了《长江经济带综合立体交通走廊规划(2014~2020年)》(以下简称《规划》)。因此,迫切需要分析长江经济带不同类型区多种交通运输方式融合互动现状及其影响因子,提出消除落后地区交通区位劣势的途径,为实施《规划》提供科学支撑。

1 指标选取依据及数据来源

本文聚焦物流网络,拟刻画长江经济带不同货流方式的网络特征,并从经济发展水平、物流服务能力、转运能力、基础设施、开放度、资源依赖度、距离等7个方面入手,分析物流网络形成与发展的影响因素。由于缺乏官方货流OD数据,本文借助大数据方法,从水陆联运网、唐翼网上货运系统、绿蚂蚁物流服务平台、12306网站货运系统中分别抓取水路货运、航空货运、公路货运和铁路货运数据,共得到货运OD数据55 623条。

1.1 指标选取及依据

地区经济发展水平、物流基础设施、物流服务能力、物流转运能力、距离是影响城市间物流形成的基础要素。李群、赵嵩正指出,资源向某个地区方向流动的动力强度取决于该地在区位条件、资源禀赋、基础设施、资源配置能力、政策法规、社会环境等方面的相对优劣程度[21]。王鑫磊、王圣云借助社会发展状况、市场供需情况、物流基础设施、物流行业发展水平等指标,计算了物流中心城市指数[22];李国旗、金凤君等借助经济发展水平与质量、物流产业发展水平与质量、物流设施水平与质量,构建了物流热度关联指标体系[23]

城市开放度、资源依赖度对物流网络形成与发展也具有重要影响。外向型城市对周边地区的吸引和带动作用显著,外向型城市在资源配置能力上具有相对优势[24]。郭建科、韩增林等的研究表明,中国能源、矿石等大宗货物对水运通道依赖性增强[25];张新林、赵媛指出,煤炭、石油等资源丰富的资源型城市更易成为资源流出节点[26]

综上所述,地区经济发展水平、物流基础设施、物流服务能力、物流转运能力、城市开放度、资源依赖度、城市间距离等7个自变量对由水运、陆运、空运联系组成的因变量具有重要影响(表1)。

表1   物流联系及影响因素指标

Table 1   Index selection of logistics linkage and its influencing factors

因变量自变量
表征含义指标表征含义指标
航空货运城市间货运航班数量经济发展水平城市间人均GDP差值
物流服务能力城市间物流企业数量差值
陆路货运城市间公路货运专线数量
城市间铁路专线数量
物流转运能力城市间物流园区数量差值
基础设施城市间路网密度差值
开放度城市间开放度差值
水路货运城市间水运需求总吨数资源依赖度城市间采矿业从业人员占比差值
距离城市间的距离

注:自变量指标中的差值均取绝对值。

新窗口打开

从自变量的内涵来看,地区经济发展水平一般用人均GDP指标来表征;物流企业是承担物流活动的专业组织,物流企业是地区提供专业化物流服务的主体[27],物流服务能力可以用城市物流企业数量来表征;物流园区主要功能是为满足货物转运、产业发展和居民消费需求等规模化物流需求,物流园区是货物中转的主要地点[28],物流转运能力可以用城市物流园区数量来表征;道路是物流交通基础设施的核心,物流基础设施建设水平可以用城市路网密度来表征;开放度则可通过李远的开放度模型计算得到[29],公式为:

Q=(X+M)GDP×100%(1)

式中, GDP表示当年国内生产总值; Q表示开放度; X表示当年出口额; M表示当年进口额。

资源型城市由于煤炭等大宗货物输出量巨大而常常成为物流输出地[26]。2002年国家计委宏观经济研究院课题组提出了4种资源型城市的判定方式[30] 采掘业产值占工业总产值的比重在10%以上; 采掘业产值规模,对县级市而言应超过1亿元,对地级市而言应超过2亿元; 采掘业从业人员占全部从业人员的比重在5%以上; 采掘业从业人员数在10 000人以上。符合其中任何一条标准,就可认定为资源型城市。以上4方面均在衡量城市对资源的依赖程度,基于数据的可得性,本文选取“采矿业从业人员占全部从业人员的比重”这一指标来表示城市的资源依赖度(表1)。

空运联系、陆运联系、水运联系均为城市间“点对点”联系数据。城市路网密度为公路总里程数/总土地面积之商。距离为百度地图上两城市间最短行车距离。

陆路货运由公路货运专线数量和铁路货运专线数量归一化后加权得到。总体而言,城市间货运专线数量越多,则货运联系越强;考虑到长江经济带内部联系货运量小于长江经济带总货运量,因此用长江经济带总货运量乘以内部货运联系占总联系的比重来表征长江经济带内部联系货运量;通过第 i条城市间联系的公路货运量和铁路货运量相加,得到第 i条城市间联系的陆运联系值(如“上海-南京”为第1条城市间联系,“上海-无锡”为第2条城市间联系,110个城市共形成5 995条城市间联系)。公式为:

Li=a×HFV×Hi/H+b×RFV×Ri/R(2)

式中, Li为第 i条城市间联系的陆运联系值; a表示长江经济带内部公路货运专线数占以长江经济带内城市为起点的总公路货运专线数的比重; b表示长江经济带内部铁路货运联系量占以长江经济带内城市为起点的总发货量的比重; HFV代表长江经济带公路总货运量, RFV代表长江经济带铁路总货运量; Hi表示第 i条城市间联系的公路货运专线数, H表示以长江经济带内联系的总公路货运专线数; Ri表示第 i条城市间联系的铁路专线数, R表示长江经济带内联系的总铁路货运专线数。查询《中国统计年鉴(2016)》[31]得到长江经济带九省二市2015年的公路货运量 HFV和铁路货运量 RFV分别为1 315 546万t和52 399万t;查询《中国交通年鉴(2016)》[32]中的“国家铁路行政区域间货物交流表”,表中记录有各省发送和到达的货运量数据,计算得到长江经济带内部运输的铁路货运量占长江经济带铁路发送总货运量的76.7%,因此 b=0.767;由于尚缺乏行政区间公路货运交流的官方发布数据,因此用“绿蚂蚁物流服务平台”中搜索到的长江经济带内部联系的公路货运专线数量(17 021条)占以长江经济带为起点的公路货运专线数量(42 337条)的比重来表示公路内部货运联系的比重,得到 a=0.402

1.2 数据来源

航空货运数据来源于中国南方航空运营的唐翼网上货运系统,该网站发布各航空公司的每日货运班次。由于该系统仅能查到当日及之后1月的货运航班数据,故笔者根据长江经济带内各机场三字码查询了2015年10月1~31日各机场间的航班信息,选择直达班次,共搜索到2015年10月份7 482条货运航班数据。

公路货运专线数据来源于深圳市禾嘉科技有限公司旗下主要网站“绿蚂蚁物流服务平台”。该公司主营业务为物流搜索服务,于2015年11月获得中国物流与采购联合会科技技术奖,至2015年12月份已收录有7 000多家物流企业提供的物流线路。在该平台上能搜索到各物流公司发布的始发地、目的地、时刻、单价、预估总价等物流专线数据,为本文提供了丰富的公路货运信息。本文数据搜索时间为2015年11月30日,共搜集到长江经济带110个地级市之间货运专线数据17 021条。

铁路联系数据来源于中国铁路局12306网站中的货运班列平台,包括快运货物班列156条线路和直达货物班列362条线路。将货运线路货运吨数和编组数量按比例赋权重,一列火车载重量换算为600 t,同一线路上的长江经济带内数据均视为存在联系。

水路货运数据来源于江苏物润船联网络股份有限公司运营的“水陆联运网”中的水运“云货源”平台。江苏物润船联网络股份有限公司是中国首家上市的水陆联运第四方智慧物流公司,而“云货源”则是为大众提供发布水运需求的平台,发布包括起运港、卸货港、货物种类、货量、时间等在内的需求信息。平台共记载了从2015年1月1日至10月8日共30 602条长江水运需求信息,真实地反映了在市场层面上长江沿岸各城市的水运地位和水运联系强度。

城市间距离借助百度地图搜索得到,选取不同城市间最短行车距离。在百度地图中分别输入两座城市的名称,交通方式选择“驾车”,在搜索结果中选择“最短路程”,最终获取城市间的距离。相较于两城市间的直线距离,最短行车距离更接近货运实际距离。

各地级市物流企业数量从中国物流与采购联合会、中国物流学会主办的中国物流与采购网的企业库中搜索得到,搜索条件仅限制地区一项,其余条件不限制。尽管该网站地区仅提供各省企业信息,但笔者通过对物流企业的地址查询,获得各地级市物流企业信息。笔者共搜索到长江经济带地级市内的物流企业687家。

各地级市物流园区数量从56 114物流查询网中搜索得到,该网站建设是郑州市人民政府网便民服务合作项目,由郑州物流广告有限公司主办,河南省物流协会协办,是国内知名的物流查询平台。该网站提供了精确的地级市物流园区数量信息。笔者共搜索到长江经济带地级市内的物流园区521个。

当年进口额和出口额数据来源于《中国区域经济统计年鉴(2014)》[33],其余数据均来源于《中国城市统计年鉴(2016)》[34]

2 不同空间尺度下物流联系特征

本文对省内、区内和长江经济带内3种尺度的空运、陆运、水运3种货运方式的联系格局进行了分析。笔者将长江经济带分为东、中、西三大区,东部地区包括位居下游的上海、浙江、江苏、安徽4省(市),中部地区包括位居中游的湖南、湖北、江西3省,西部地区包括位居上游的重庆、四川、贵州、云南4省(市),区内联系指三大区内部的货运联系。货运网络极为复杂,为了清晰地反映货运网络分布特征,笔者将货运联系强度分为6个等级。需要说明的是,本文专题地图中没有标注最弱等级货运联系,没有标注货运连线的城市,仅说明货运联系相对较弱,而非完全没有联系。

2.1 航空货运联系差异显著

航空货运联系在3个空间尺度上表现出极大的差异性。从省内尺度上看,航空货运班次总体上极少,仅在云南、江苏、贵州省内有少量货运航班存在。三大区内联系要比省内尺度密切,且西部地区航空货运联系强度最大,东部次之,中部最少。由于西部地区地面道路基础设施、联系便捷性劣于中部、东部地区,因而其航空货运占比较大。长江经济带内航空货运联系表现出强烈的东西向联系。上海、合肥、昆明、重庆、贵阳等城市在区域尺度上就表现出强烈的东西向联系,中部城市武汉是长江经济带东西部城市货运联系的枢纽城市(图1)。

图1   2015年长江经济带内不同尺度下3种货运方式联系的空间格局
a、b、c为长江经济带内空运、陆运、水运联系; d、e、f为三大区区内空运、陆运、水运联系; g、h、i为省内空运、陆运、水运联系

Fig.1   The spatial patterns of three freight transports of the Yangtze River Economic Belt in different scales, 2015

2.2 陆路货运联系相对均衡

陆路货运联系网络是3种运输联系网络中最发达的网络。 省内尺度上,中部、西部省会城市均对省内地级市有极大的吸引力,是省内陆运货物的集散中心,星芒状网络特征显著。而东部地区浙江、江苏两省的省内陆运网络最为发达,各地级市间联系极为紧密,陆路货运联系四通八达。区域尺度上,中部、西部地区形成了以省会城市为中心的强联系网络,省会城市一方面在省内起到中心作用,另一方面也是与省外联系的窗口,是省内外货物集散中枢;“南京-上海-杭州-宁波”及沿线城市组成的“Z”字形区域是东部地区陆运核心区,沪浙苏皖四省(市)陆运网络发展水平差别不大,是长江经济带内货物流动最密集的地区。 长江经济带内部陆运网络中,上海发挥着龙头作用,各省会城市地位重要,形成了以东部上海、中部武汉、西部成都和重庆为区域中心,其它省会城市为副中心的货运网络格局(图1)。

2.3 水路货运联系东强西弱

水路货运网络依托长江,水运节点城市均临近长江。 省内水运中,东部省内部水运联系最为发达,中部省份次之,而西部省份落后。其中,江苏省水运网络位居榜首,南京、扬州、淮安、镇江、苏州、无锡、常州、徐州、南通是重要的水运节点,水运网络密度大;湖北省仅次于江苏排名第二,武汉是中部水运枢纽,与黄石、黄冈、宜昌、咸宁等地级市的水运联系紧密;安徽省排名第三,合肥、蚌埠、亳州、铜陵等地级市水运联系较强;浙江省内水运则只有杭州、宁波、台州之间具有一定强度的联系;其它省份省内水运联系不多。 从三大区区内水运联系上看,仍呈现出东部紧密、西部松散的格局,东部4省(市)水运联系网络发达,呈现出多中心结构特征;中部3省水运联系不多,仅湖北省内水运网络联系较多,3省之间的联系较少;西部4省(市)内水路货运网络很少。 从长江经济带内水运联系来看,东部地区对中、西部地区具有极强的吸引力。中西部地区重庆、武汉、长沙、南昌等省会城市与东部地区城市货运联系紧密,武汉、重庆区域枢纽作用突出(图1)。

综上所述,长江经济带物流联系网络具有以下特点(图1):陆路运输是长江经济带中最重要且网络最完善的运输方式,各省会城市在陆运网络中承担着连通内外的枢纽作用,地级市之间联系极为密切。从航空货运网络发展看,西部地区受水运、陆运落后的影响,航空货运发展水平较高;而中部地区航空货运总体落后。从水路货运网络发展来看,东部、中部地区发展较好,西部地区落后,四川、云南、贵州几近空白。从总体上看,长江经济带各城市陆运为主,但地区差异也十分明显,东部地区水运、空运均较强,各种运输方式共同发展;中部地区水运也具有一定优势,而西部地区空运较为发达。从长江经济带物流网络整体格局看,东部地区对整个经济带具有巨大的吸引力;中部地区发挥着连接东、西的作用,武汉地位突出;而西部地区物流网络整体发展水平不高,重庆的物流地位相对突出。

3 物流联系的影响因素

为了分析长江经济带内3个空间尺度航空货运、陆路货运、水路货运的影响因素,笔者将联系强度作为因变量,以经济发展水平、物流服务能力、物流转运能力、基础设施、开放度、资源依赖度和城市间距离等7方面作为自变量,开展回归分析。

3.1 共线性检验

在进行长江经济带省内和三大区内的数据回归时,笔者分别剔除了“省内-省外”联系和“区内-区外”联系的数据,共获得长江经济带内110个地级市5 995条相互联系数据、三大区区内1 978条联系数据以及省内648条联系数据。

VIF检验结果显示,长江经济带内3个空间尺度数据的VIF值均小于5,且自变量相关性绝对值均在0.6以下,表明3个空间尺度下回归模型均没有明显的多重共线性问题,可进行回归(表2)。

表2   共线性检验表

Table 2   Collinearity check list

VIF(带)VIF(区)VIF(省)1234567
1.人均GDP差值1.491.391.661
2.物流企业数量差值4.064.112.900.31***1
3.物流园区数量差值3.523.671.610.35***0.53***1
4.路网密度差值1.071.061.030.08***0.11***0.18***1
5.采矿业从业人员占比差值1.011.011.03-0.06***-0.04***-0.05***-0.04***1
6.开放度差值2.021.851.790.53***0.59***0.47***0.05**-0.06***1
7.距离1.051.051.130.12***0.020.020.15***0.12***0.06***1

注: VIF后缀的带、区、省分布代表长江经济内、三大区区内、省内三个空间尺度的VIF值。由于相关性检验数据较多,表中仅列出长江经济带内自变量之间的相关性。实际测算中,其余两个空间尺度自变量间相关性均小于0.6;**、***表示P<0.05、P<0.01。

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3.2 回归结果分析

回归结果显示,尺度越大,受各方面因素影响越大(表3)。回归模型中因变量均为“A城市-B城市”联系数据,自变量为两城市间差值。因此,回归结果中系数显著负相关,表明两城市间在某一指标上越接近,越容易产生物流联系;系数显著正相关,则表明两城市在某一指标上差距越大,越容易产生物流联系。从货运方式看,陆路货运、航空货运是各方面因素影响最显著的物流方式,而水路货运则不然。

表3   不同尺度下3种货运方式的回归结果

Table 3   Regression results of three freight methods in different scales

空运(带)陆运(带)水运(带)空运(区)陆运(区)水运(区)空运(省)陆运(省)水运(省)
人均GDP差值-2.36e-05**-6.38e-04***0.06-3.95e-05***-6.75e-04***-0.22-9.33e-06-8.23e-06**-0.11
物流企业数量差值0.08***1.48***-275.99**0.042.44***-635.26***-0.175.71***-379.5
物流园区数量差值-0.043.92***566.01**0.033.25***1289.36***0.21***2.74***2662.00***
路网密度差值4.63***49.92***8181.53**5.70***46.33***10163.70*-0.7117.93-869.42
采矿业从业人员占比
差值
-0.05*-1.56***-354.48*-0.03-1.78***-452.71*-0.03-1.32***-409.32
开放度差值-7.391314.15***5.54e+06***-2.181364.90***6.91e+06***27.021523.76***1.43e+06***
距离1.41e-04-0.03***-22.30***7.21e-04-0.09***-41.82***3.41e-03-0.04-30.57

注:*为P&lt;0.1;**为P&lt;0.05;***为P&lt;0.01

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从单个因素的影响来看: 人均GDP差值在陆运、空运回归模型中总体显著为负,说明陆运、空运联系多在经济发展水平相近的地区间进行。在较为发达的陆运网中,邻近城市或同一地区内的城市间陆运联系占据主导地位;在较为稀疏的空运网中,长江经济带内大城市间联系占据主导地位,大城市与中小城市间的航空货运联系较少。而城市间经济发展水平差异对水运网络影响并不显著。物流服务能力弱的地区倾向于和服务能力强的地区形成空运、陆运联系。受长江水系发达程度影响,水运联系多发生在服务能力相近的地区之间,东部地区水运网络发达,具有多中心结构特征,省会城市优势不明显;而在中部、西部水运落后地区,重庆、武汉等区域中心城市地位突出。物流园区差值的回归系数整体上为正,说明物流转运能力对于空运、陆运、水运均极为重要,转运能力弱的地区倾向于与转运能力强的地区发生联系。基础设施建设差值的回归系数在三大区内和长江经济带内的各种货运联系中都显著为正,说明基础设施建设对于跨省货运联系影响显著,地级市优先与省外基础设施完善的地级市形成货运联系。采矿业从业人员占比差值的回归系数显著为负,说明“资源型城市-非资源型城市”之间的货运联系占长江经济带中货运总体联系份额极少,对整体影响不大。除空运联系外,开放度差值的系数显著为正,说明“内向型城市-外向型城市”之间的货运联系极为密切,货流从内向型城市流向外向型城市,再通过外向型城市连接外部城市的现象极为普遍。而在空运联系中,由于空运联系主要发生在“外向型城市-外向型城市”之间,开放度影响不显著。距离对于空运联系影响不显著,空运联系对距离变动的反应不敏感。陆运联系中距离的回归系数显著为负,表明发达地区的邻近联系远多于跨区域联系;水运联系中距离的回归系数显著为负,长江经济带中尚未形成紧密的东西向水运联系。主要是因为东部地区水运网络发达,而中、西部地区落后(表3)。

综上所述,长江经济带陆路运输发达,已经形成了以省会城市为中心的完整网络体系,是长江经济带内货物运输最重要的方式,受各方面因素影响最显著。表4看出,航空运输主要发生在大城市之间,整体网络密度不高,对距离、地形反应不敏感,是高价值货物跨区域流动的重要方式。航空运输对地形崎岖、道路设施欠缺的西部地区具有十分重要的意义。水路运输适合运输大宗货物,城市对外开放度、转运能力对水路运输发展水平影响巨大,而城市经济发展水平对其影响不明显。对于靠近长江干流、其他交通设施欠缺、经济发展水平不高的地级市来说,发展水运可以作为改善城市交通运输条件的重要途径之一(表4)。

表4   3种货运方式的特征总结

Table 4   Characteristics of three freight methods

航空运输陆路运输水路运输
联系倾向网络稀疏,倾向于在有物流服务能力、基础设施梯度差的大城市间联系
“转运能力弱的城市-转运能力强的城市”(省内联系)
“转运能力弱的城市-转运能力强的城市”
“服务能力弱的城市-服务能力强的城市”
“基础设施弱的城市-基础设施强的城市”
“内向型城市-外向型城市”
“转运能力弱的城市-转运能力强的城市”
“内向型城市-外向型城市”
影响因素
特征
对距离不敏感
主要在基础设施、物流服务能力等存在梯度差的跨省、跨区域的城市间进行
网络最完善,受各方面因素影响最综合
区内联系占主导,受距离影响显著
受转运能力和开放度因素影响极为明显
网络整体
特征
受基础设施、交通便捷性影响,空运成为西部地区重要的货运补充方式;中部由于在交通联系上便捷于西部,而需求上小于东部,成为区内空运的塌陷区
空运的东西向联系特征明显
省域尺度上受转运能力的影响显著
整体网络稀疏,各区的中心城市为:昆明、重庆、武汉、上海
省内省会城市起到重要的货运枢纽作用
东部地区在不同尺度上呈现多中心网络结构,货运联系极为紧密
区内联系强度最大的是省会城市间的联系
跨区域联系网络发达,核心节点仍是省会城市
依赖于长江水系的水运网络,由于难以保障能直接运达目的地,因此对目的地城市的转运能力要求严格
水运联系是3种运输方式中唯一一种不显著受地区发展水平影响的运输方式,通过长江水系连接不同程度地级市是长江经济带货运网络的一种重要补充
水运网络呈现东密西疏格局。东部水运网络,尤其是江苏省内水运网络发展极为发达,中部次之,而西部水运网络仍处于起步阶段,有待开发
水运网络中心城市受长江水运分布影响显著。东部水运网络中心为以镇江、泰州、南通、苏州、无锡等长江下游沿岸地级市组成的条带状区域;中部地区水运网络中心为九江、黄石、武汉、岳阳;西部地区的水运中心为重庆

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4 结论及建议

通过对长江经济带3个空间尺度航空货运、陆路货运、水路货运现状及其影响因素的分析,笔者发现,长江经济带初步形成了东部发达、中西部相对落后以及以陆运为主体、以空运为提升、以水运为补充的物流系统。同时,长江经济带物流网络还具有如下特点:省会城市在长江经济带陆运联系网络发展中发挥着中心作用。航空货运对地形崎岖、交通相对闭塞的西部地区十分重要。水路货运受长江水文特征影响显著,其网络发展水平呈现出阶梯状特点,长江下游沿岸、江苏境内的镇江、泰州、南通、苏州、无锡等地级市已连接成片,成为东部网络水运中心;九江、黄石、武汉、岳阳成为中部点状水运中心,而西部地区仅重庆水运有一定地位。

从影响因素上看,空间尺度越小,差异越大;空间尺度越大,规律性越强。不同货运方式的影响因子不完全相同,具体表现为:陆路货运的影响因素极多。物流服务能力、转运能力、基础设施、城市开放度上差异越大,城市间物流联系越紧密。同时,距离对物流网络发展影响显著,在省内联系和三大区区内物流网络中,中、近距离货运联系占据主导地位。航空货运对距离反应不敏感。基础设施和物流服务能力相差较大、而经济发展水平相近的城市之间,更容易产生空运联系。在长江经济带这一宏观空间尺度上,大城市间联系占据主导地位;而在省内尺度上,东部、中部省份内部受转运需求不旺的影响,联系不多;而西部的云南、贵州两省,内部需求相对旺盛,航空货运地位重要。水路货运受城市转运能力和开放度的影响极为显著。长江经济带现阶段水运多为大宗货物(煤、石油、钢材及上述衍生物,大豆、高粱、玉米等粮食作物,以及黄沙、石子等)的中转服务,水路货运是以转运能力强、开放度高的地级市为中心节点。

为了助推长江经济带综合立体交通走廊建设,笔者建议:借助西部地区大型水库建设契机,挖掘水运潜力,建设沿江水运交通枢纽,构建“陆运-水运-陆运”网络,改善西部地区交通区位落后面貌。建立分工协作的健康物流体系。在制定跨区域物流中心建设规划过程中,注意发挥大城市的核心作用;在制定省内物流建设规划过程中,对东部和中部地区而言,应注重发挥不同运输方式的协同作用,着力提升区域运输效率。对地形崎岖的西部地区而言,应重点建设水运及少数航空货运中心,降低地面道路的维护成本的同时,通过发挥水运和空运的特点并合理搭配,以提升西部地区的交通区位。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.


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