中国地理学会和中国科学院地理研究所为庆贺我国著名地理学家、中国地理学会名誉理事长、中国科学院地理研究所名誉所长黄秉维院士85华诞举办“黄秉维学术思想研讨 会”, 我应邀前来参加和祝寿感到非常高兴和荣幸。

基于对我国6省7个建制镇的实地调查研究,本文侧重于从就业结构变化、人口迁移、小城镇建设和资金来源、小城镇工业布局等方面,探讨了中国农村工业化在城镇化中的作用,作者认为,发展小城镇是我国实现城镇化的一条重要途径。
The rapid development of rural industrialization in China in the past decade or so has promoted significantly the urbanization of rural areas in the country as well as the process of national industrialization. In the surveyed towns 68.8% of the workers came from rural areas. The average radius of the enterprises hinterland was 2.28 km. 80.4% of the workers were from the administrative area of the town. This fact indicates that the development of rural industry has played a very important role in rural urbanization by changing the employment structure of the rural areas. With the increase of the industrialization level in rural areas, the rural enterprises will attract more and more workers of distant areas. For example, 25.7% of the workers in Dongting Town in Jiangsu Province came from other provinces, 60% from the employment in rural industrial enterprises. Based on those field survey and empirical study on the seven established towns in six provinces, the author elaborates in this paper the role of China’s rural industrialization in the national urbanization by analyzing the employment restructuring of labors, population movement, financial source for the construction of small towns, the location of industry in town sites, and the author proposes that the development of small towns is an important approach for China to realize urbanization.

阐述了国际对外直接投资的基本形势和我国面临的挑战,剖析了对华直接投资的资金市场地域结构现状和变化特点,针对资金市场地域结构所引发的问题提出了基本对策。
Since China’s reform and open door, the countries and regions of direct investment in China (mainland) have been increasing. In 1995, the amount of foreign direct investment (FDI) in China was 37.81 billion US$ that was from more than 170 countries and regions. Since 1990, the situation of direct investment in the world has changed. In the developed countries, the amount of investment decreased constantly from 1991 to 1992 and began to rise again after 1993. In the developing countries and regions there was a high increase rate of foreign direct investment, from 1991 to 1994, the rate yearly of increase was 18.1%. Investment each other was brisk in Asia Pacific region. The regional structure of capital market of FDI in China has three characteristics: (1) The most of FDI was from the near countries and regions, Hong Kong-Macao, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia provided 80.3% of the amount of FDI in 1995. (2) Only several countries and regions provided most of FDI in China. (3) According to the contributory rate, the main capital market of FDI in China could be divided into four classes, including the guiding market, subsidiary market, new and developing market, opportunity market. Most of FDI in China was from the developing countries and regions, which had a negtive effect on the size and technical level of foreign capital enterprises. The author puts forward the countermeasures to improve the regional structure of capital market: (1) to keep the guiding market stable, (2) to reclaim chiefly the subsidiary market, (3) to guide actively the new and developing market, (4) to try hard to start the opportunity market.

利用1961～1990年青藏高原地区48个台站的气温、降水资料,通过EOF展开,将气温序列向前延长至1901年,在此基础上分析了高原地区当代气候变化的总体特征,同时结合GCM模拟结果,讨论了高原气候对全球变暖的响应。结果表明,本世纪以来青藏高原地区气温变化的总趋势是上升的,最近30a高原地区的降水总体上有增加的趋势,气温和降水的变化似乎与大气CO₂含量增加所引起的温室效应增强有关。
On the basis of monthly temperature and precipitation data of 48 stations of the Qinghai Xizang Plateau from 1961 to 1990, the temperature data are extended backward to 1901 with an EOF method, microscopic characteristics of the contemporary climatic change over the plateau are analyzed, and the response of the plateau climate to the global warming is discussed in combination with GCM simulated output. The results show that the plateau climate, overall, has been warming for this century, that the precipitation change has generally been increasing in recent 30 years, and that these climatic trends seem to be related to the enhanced greenhouse effect induced by increasing CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere.

粤中沿海经济高速发展的典型区域——深圳市人地系统可持续性从1980～1990年逐渐增强,但1991年开始下降;东莞市人地系统可持续性从1980年以后逐渐增强。目前深圳市和东莞市人地系统均处于弱可持续性状况。
The sustainable development of human environment system of typical case in the rapid economic development area in central coast area of Guangdong was studied. The dynamic characteristics were described and the running condition of human-environment system was assessed. Using the theories and methods of gray ssytem and Fuzzy mathematics, this paper puts forward a relatively simple and operable synthetical assessment index system and method of sustainable development of human-environment system. The assessment results show that the state of sustainable development of human environment system rose gradually from 1980 to 1990, but descended after 1990 in Shenzhen City and rose gradually from 1980 to update in Dongguan City. The human-environment system both in Shenzhen and Dongguan are weak in the state of sustainable development recently, but that in Dongguan is slightly better than in Shenzhen. The descent cause of sustainable development state of human-environment system in Shenzhen is that the environmental quality became worse and the consuming rate of natural resources was too fast. According to the running pattern of human-environment system in rapid economic development area, two models are suggested:(1) the SEREN model under the condition that human-environment system is not adjust-controlled effectively, and (2) the SEREN model under the condition that human environment is adjust-controlled rationally. The recommendation for sustainnable development of hunan environment system in Shenzhen and Dongguan are also proposed.

河口衰亡是指河口空间形态、河口作用过程及河口功能的衰亡。河口衰亡的主导诱因是人类对河流所实施的水利工程活动。河口衰亡将引起海岸侵蚀、河口淤积、河口环境退化等一系列问题。
On the basis of field investigation and data processing, authors put forward a hypothesis that an estuary will wither away. Estuary decline contains estuary space and estuary function ecologically becoming feeble and die. The main reason of estuary decline is human activities like constructing reservoirs, diverting water, etc. In the end, the main questions aroused by estuary decline are discussed.

根据1992年长湖所取代表性92-5剖面沉积物磁性测量结果并结合化学分析和孢粉分析,研究了长湖近代沉积物磁性参数变化与气候变化的关系,指出该地区最近400a来气候变化总趋势是一个由冷变暖的过程。
A research on magnetic measurements has been done on the sediments of core 92-5, which was taken in 1992 and was representative of environment changes in Lake Changhu in the Jianghan Plain, the core can be divided into 4 sediments on the parameters of the magnetic measurements: 1. Zone A (144-140cm in depth, before 1581 A.D.), each magnetic parameter is obviously small, the concentrations of magnetic minerals are low. 2. Zone B (140-74cm in depth, 1581 A.D.-1774 A.D.), each magnetic parameter changes slowly under the fundamental steady prerequisite. 3. Zone C (74-10cm in depth, 1774 A.D.-1964 A.D.), the magnetic parameters are relatively high, the undulations of the magnetic parameters are slightly more. 4. Zone D (10-0cm in depth, 1964 A.D.-1992 A.D.), owing to the growth of aquatic plants and human activities, changes of magneticparameters are complex. The concentration of component of the magnetic minerals in the sediment is high, if the temperature is high and/or the precipitation is large. The magnetic parameters corresponds to hot or cold climate. The magnetic parameters of core 92-5 show that the tendecy of the climatic changes is from cold to warm in the Jianghan Plain in recent 400 years. This is consistent with the historic records and sporo pollen analysis.

从个人选择通信媒介的理论和概念分析着手,提出了个人媒介选择的结构框图,讨论了选择的传统障碍与相对障碍;建立了关于个人选择通信媒介的通用逻辑模型,分析了媒介特殊效果和评估问题;以石家庄市1000名通信使用者问卷调查资料为依据,对模型作了概念层次上的检验,指出选择通信媒介个人行为的总体特征是职业和年龄为最重要因素,受教育水平亦与此有关,性别等并不重要,以及不同地点的选择特征等。
This paper discusses a model to analyze the medium choice for communication made by individuals. Section 2 turns out that model (2) is a specific form of model (1), and is a more general model. It is argued that two kinds of barriers may exist. The first is the traditional constraints that are in this context interpreted as barriers. The second kind is called relative barriers. It is detected when a certain subpopulation is significantly different from the whole population. Taking 1000 communication users of Shijiazhuang as a sample of communication media (letter and telephone) choice behavior, the authors find that the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the population determine the form of their choice behavior, and since the profile of a user could not fully be "tested", our prognoses of their behavior are based on generality guesses. Yet despite this limitation, the experiences with communication may be investigated in regard to the time space constraints of users. They form the crucial factors in acceptance of new electronic opportunities.

52个表层沉积样品的定量分析表明, 海州湾有孔虫埋葬群由100多种组成, 其中44种为常见种, 优势种有Ammonia beccarii, Elphidium magellanicum, Elphidum advenum及Textularia foliacea等, 据之可划分出: Ammonia beccarii-Elphidium magellanicum, Ammonia beccari-iElphidium advenum和Ammonia beccarii-Textularia-foliacea三大组合。浮游有孔虫仅在灌河口海域有少量分布。有孔虫丰度、分异度平面分布差别甚大, 但与岸线大致呈平行之势分布, 这与海州湾水深、盐度、海底沉积物粒度等特征平行岸线分布的规律基本一致。
Result based on analysis of 52 surface sediment samples collected from Haizhou Bay shows that the foraminiferal taphocoenose of the studied area consists of over 100 species dominated by Ammonia beccarii, Elphidium magellanicum, Elphidium advenum and Textularia foliacea. Three faunal assemblages ( Ammonia beccarii-Elphidium magellanicum, Ammonia beccarii-Elphidium advenum and Ammonia beccarii-Textularia foliacea ) are identified according to the dominant species. Planktonic forms are absent in the bay area meanwhile some small test size planktonic forms are frequently encountered in the Guanhe River mouth area near the south end of the bay. The spatial distribution of foraminiferal abundance, diversity, faunal composition and assemblages are basically parallel to the coastline and the distribution of water depth, salinity and sediment grain size.

21世纪的景观生态学应该成为对环境建设有设计能力的学科。遵循适应自然、互利共生、调整结构改善功能与局部控制协调整体等景观生态建设的原理进行景观生态建设是积极的对生物多样性予以保护。
In the 21st century, landscape ecology should be a subject with the ability to design the environmental construction. Based on the principles of landscape ecological engineering,such as adapting to the nature,symbiosis,adjusting the structure,improving the function and harmonizing the whole by controlling parts.Landscape ecological engineering,conserves biodiversity actively.

利用遥相关对云南省雨季降水作中长期预报,采用不规则格点上的车贝雪夫多项式建立了印度洋海温场与云南省雨季降水场的预报方程。通过对1993年及1994年的预报检验,效果较理想。
In this paper, approaching the correlation between the Indian Ocean surface temperature and the rainfall of rainy season in Yunnan, using the materials from 1965 to 1992, with the calculation method of Chebyshev Polynomials in irregular grids, we set up a system of forecast equations between the Indian Ocean surface temperature field (20癝-20癗, 50癊-95癊) and rainfall field in Yunnan (20 meteorological stations). Through forecast test of the rainfall field in Yunnan in 1993 and 1994, the result is satisfactory.

以COD为控制指标,计算了图们江地区5条河流逐月环境容量以及污水达标排放时的允许污水排放量。结果表明,各月环境容量分配极不均匀,丰水期2个月约占50%,而长达5个月的枯水期环境容量很小,不足全年的10%;即使以1995年污水排放量衡量,污水达标排放时,枯水期图们江干流等5条河流控制断面水质也达不到指定功能水质标准,已无环境容量可利用。因此,河流水环境容量已成为制约图们江地区开发的主要因素,为了确保该地区经济建设与环境保护协调发展,必须采取有效的污染防治措施和对策。
Using COD as a control index, this paper calculated the monthly environmental capacity and the permited wastewater discharge capacity of wastewater within discharge standards of five rivers in the Tumen River region. The results indicate that the distribution of every month environmental capactity was very uneven, during the two_month abundant-water period, the environmental capacity was about 50% of the year, but during five_month less-water period, the environmental capacity was less than 10% of the year; even judged by wastewater discharge quantity in 1995, during the less-water period, the water quality of the five rivers controlling sections of the mainstream of the Tumen River did not reach the appointed functional water quality standards and there was no environmental capacity to use. Therefore, the river water environmental capacity has become the major restricting factor of exploitation in the Tumen River region, for keeping coordinate development between economic construction and environmental protection in this region, the effective pollution control countermeasures and steps must be taken.

陕西省资源丰富,科技力量雄厚,但经济发展水平不高,近年在全国的经济地位有所下降,形成一种奇怪的经济现象,即陕西现象。本文在概括、总结这种现象主要特征的基础上,深入剖析了其深层次的原因,即资源配置失当,利用效率低下,扭转陕西现象的出路在于优化资源配置与科技进步并举,只有这样,陕西才能以最小的改革成本获取最大的改革收益。
In this paper, the atuthors describe an economic phenomenon Shaanxi phenomenon: rich in natural resources, strong in science-technology, but poor in economic development, the economic position in the country has declined in recent years; and hold that its reason is non-optimization of resources allocation. Then the authors discuss the optimization of resources allocation from three principles such as maxinum rate of final goods, comparative advantage and specialization; point out that the ways to accelerate the economic development of Shaanxi Province are to give full play to advance for technology, change economic development way to equilibrium growth.

以地貌和基质为基本线索,以植被为标志,建立了山东南部的景观生态分类系统。该系统为二级分类系统,包括7个景观型、17个景观亚型。以景观亚型或景观亚型的组合为基本制图单位,以1:100万土壤图为基础底图,参考多种比例尺的卫星照片、植被图、土地利用图、地貌图等,编制了山东南部1:100万景观生态类型图;在景观生态类型图上量算了各景观亚型的面积,并且分析了山东南部主要景观型的生态问题,据此提出了相应的生态对策。
Based on the studies on climate, geomorphology, soil and vegetation, the landscape ecological classification system for the southern part of Shandong Province is established. It consists of two grades, including 7 landscape types and 17 landscape subtypes. Landscape type is divided by vegetation (vegetation type or cultivated vegetation type), and landscape subtype is classified according to topography and vegetation (formation group or cultivated vegetation group). Making landscape subtype be mapping unit, letting the Soil Map (1:1000000) of the Region be the base map, and consulting several kinds of maps relating to the area (e.g. landsat images, vegetation maps, landuse maps, geomorphological maps), Map of Landscape Ecological Types of the Southern Part of Shandong Province (1:1000000) is compiled. On the map the areas of landscape types and Landscape subtypes are measured. Lastly, the ecological problems of the main landscape types in the southern part of Shandong Province (e.g. sparse vegetation landscape, evergreen coniferous forest landscape, deciduous broad leaved forest landscape, crop on dry land lsndscape, rotation of paddy and dry land landscape, lake landscape) are analysed in detail, and the corresponding strategies are put forward.

论述了清江流域气候资源的独特性及其形成原因,为充分开发当地的气候资源,根据气象条件适宜、经济价值高和市场需求量大等指标,提出了重点开发项目;并针对清江河谷气候资源利用中的主要限制因素是冬季的低温冻害的特点,对利用气候资源的风险进行了分析。
This paper discussed the unique climatic resource in the Qingjiang River valley. The features of the climatic resource in the area can be concluded as follows. (1) It is very warm in winter and frost period is short. (2) There are two different heat zones along the river valley, that is, north subtropic and centeral subtopic zones. (3) According to the sea level elevation, the mountain can be divided into several climate zones. (4) Precipitation is even around the whole year and rainfall can be used effectively by crops. In addition, it has been found that both totography and meteorological systems rusult in these features. In order to exploit the climatic resource, we have recommended some crops for the different heat zones. These crops must be: under suitable climate condition,high economic value and great market demand. Therefore, It is suggested that: (1) below the sea level elevation 500 m is suitable for citrus and tung oil tree, (2) tea tree and masson pine could be planted between 500 m and 800 m, (3) mushroom and Chinese chestnut are suitable for the elevation 800 m-1200 m, (4) the land above 1200 m can be used for forage grass and medicinal materials. Finally, the dangers of climatic resource used in this region have also been evaluated in this paper.