以中国企业2005~2015年对东南亚直接投资的项目作为研究样本,分析国有企业和民营企业在东南亚直接投资的国家选择和影响因素。研究表明,国有企业不回避政治风险较高的国家,倾向于开拓新的国家市场;相反,民营企业倾向投资政治风险低的国家,投资与中国贸易联系紧密、相对市场规模较大以及劳动力成本较低的国家。基于国有企业和民营企业对东南亚直接投资影响因素的差异,为中国对东南亚直接投资提出政策建议。
With the development of economic globalization and regional integration, China has continuously developed “go global” strategy to encourage enterprises to invest in foreign countries and regions. After the 21st century, China’s foreign direct investment flows continued to grow. Affected by “the Belt and Road” strategy, Southeast Asia has become a hot spot for China’s outward foreign direct investment. In order to enrich and perfect the location theory and investment strategy of China’s direct investment in Southeast Asia, the article takes Southeast Asia as the research area. The existing traditional outward foreign direct investment theories are mostly based on the state as a whole, and study the influencing factors and motivations of outward foreign direct investment from the macro inspect. However, with the development of the times, the emerging theories show us that the heterogeneity of the enterprise will bring about the difference of outward foreign direct investment, and the difference of ownership is what we are going to probe into. Therefore, the article uses direct investment projects of Chinese enterprises in Southeast Asia from 2005 to 2015 as research samples, and chooses the real exchange rate, trade linkage, relative market size, wage level, infrastructure, total tax and political risk as explanatory variables to compare the different motivations and influencing factors of Chinese state-owned enterprises and private enterprises in the outward foreign direct investment in Southeast Asia. The empirical results show that state-owned enterprises tend to invest in high political risk countries and countries that are not in a close trade linkage with China. On the contrary, private enterprises tend to invest in low political risk countries and countries that are in a close trade linkage with China, with relatively large market size and lower labor costs. Finally, based on the differences between the influencing factors and motivations of the outward foreign direct investment of the state-owned enterprises and the private enterprises in Southeast Asia, the article gives some suggestions for China's direct investment in Southeast Asia.
行政区划调整是提升行政管理效率和促进经济发展的重要手段,由此改变政区的位势和发展轨迹,重塑城市发展活力和区域发展格局。政区位势的测度可以较好的评价行政区划调整的效能。建立基于生产函数的政区位势模型,以重庆市为案例,测算其设立直辖市前后的政区位势及其区划调整的相对区位势能,以探析影响政区位势变化的机制。研究表明：① 政区位势与该地的交通通达度、资源控制能力及综合发展规模有关;② 行政区划调整对政区位势变化具有正向作用,但该影响效果具有滞后效应;③ 设立直辖市对重庆市而言不仅意味着行政级别的提升,政区位势也不断上升,相对区位势能均大于1,但该提升幅度正从快速优化趋于平缓发展。
The adjustment of administrative divisions is an important means to improve the efficiency of administrative management and promote economic development, which can often change the potential and development track of an administrative region, and reshape the vitality of urban development and regional development pattern. By quantitatively measuring the change of the potential caused by the administrative division adjustment, the effectiveness of the administrative division adjustment can be evaluated, and the internal relations with the social and economic development can be measured. This article tries to establish a quantitative measurement model of the potential of administrative region derived from Cobb-Douglas production function. Taking Chongqing City as a case, the article calculates the potential and the relative energy of the adjustment of the municipality before and after the establishment of the municipality directly under the central government, in order to explore and analyze the mechanism that affects the change of potential of an administrative region. Researches show that: 1) The potential of administrative region is related to the traffic accessibility, resource control capacity and comprehensive development scale. And there is interaction between each factor and it. 2) Administrative division adjustment has a positive effect on the change of potential of administrative region, but the effect has lag effect and cannot be realized in a short time. 3) The establishment of Chongqing Municipality does not only mean the promotion of the administrative level, but also the increasing potential of administrative region. Its relative potential of administrative region is greater than 1 since the establishment of municipality, but the increase range is changed from the rapid tends to develop slowly. 4) With the establishment of the Chongqing Municipality, the construction of its transportation network has been gradually improved, the financial management has been successfully transformed, the economic growth has been rapid, and the financial and economic win-win situation has been achieved. Compared to the pre zoning adjustment period, the regional comparative advantages are prominent, and the competitive power is becoming more and more outstanding. This article puts forward new vision and new methods from the perspective of administrative region potential to measure the influence of administrative division adjustment quantitatively, whose deficiency is that the indicators for measuring the resource control capacity in case areas are not comprehensive, and the research area of this paper, Chongqing City, has its particularity. In the future, we will focus on the change of the effectiveness of the administrative division adjustment in the general regions, so as to gradually deepen the understanding of the political location potential.
通过构建空间开发、经济发展、资源环境水平的评价指标体系,引入耦合度概念,并应用变异系数、趋势面分析、回归分析等定量模型研究2000~2014年哈大巨型城市带空间开发-经济发展-环境演变的耦合分异特征及其影响机制,主要得到以下结论：① 2000年以来哈大巨型城市带各城市空间开发-经济发展-环境演变的耦合度均处在不同程度失调状态,且整体表现为“西高东低-南高北低”的空间格局,但耦合度水平总体趋于上升。哈长次区域和辽中南次区域以及哈大巨型城市带整体的耦合度波动性均先升高后下降,总体趋势不断向好;② 政府投入强度是2000年影响哈大巨型城市带各城市耦合度差异的重要作用因素,资本投入强度与科技投入规模是2007年、2014年2个阶段的主导影响因素,且城市发展能级差异与2007年各城市间的耦合度差异表现出一致性;③ 在政府投入强度、科技投入规模、资本投入强度等因素的共同作用下,哈长次区域空间开发-经济发展-环境演变的耦合程度出现空间分异。辽中南次区域耦合度分异的影响因素由人力资本效率和行政等级逐渐演变为以资本投入强度主导。
In order to reveal the coupling relationships among space exploitation, economy development and environment evolution, we introduce the concept of coupling degree and build the evaluation index system which includes 36 indicators embodying these three aspects. By using variable coefficient method, trend surface model and multiple regression model, we analyze the characteristics and mechanism of the differentiation of coupling degrees among space exploitation, economy development, environment evolution in Harbin-Dalian Giant Urban Belt during 2000-2014. The results show that: 1) The coupling degrees of space exploitation, economy development and environment evolution have demonstrated different levels of imbalance since 2000, and the degrees in west area are higher than those in east area. Even so, the coupling degrees are overall rising. The coupling degrees in Harbin-Changchun sub-district, the central and southern Liaoning Province sub-district and Harbin-Dalian Giant Urban Belt rose at the beginning, then reduced, which shows a good trend on the whole. 2) Government investment had a significant effect on the differentiation of coupling degree in Harbin-Dalian Giant Urban Belt in 2000. Science and technology input intensity and capital input intensity are the leading factors in 2007 and 2014. The differences of urban development energy level and coupling degree among cities were consistent in 2007. 3) Under the influence of science and technology input, government input and capital input, in Harbin-Changchun sub-district, the coupling degrees among space exploitation, economy development and environment evolution show significant differences, but in central and southern Liaoning Province sub-district, the influencing factors of differentiations of coupling degree changed gradually from human capital efficiency and administrative rank to capital input intensity.
优化与重构人口的空间分布格局是当前国家战略决策的重点研究领域之一。首先,利用2000年和2010年人口普查数据,通过帕累托指数、赫芬达尔指数和首位比重指数刻画了中国城市市域空间结构的特征及其演化;其次,从自然地理、社会经济和政府干预3个方面系统地揭示了区域空间结构形成与演化的影响因素。结果表明：① 相对于胡焕庸线以西地区,胡焕庸线以东的市域更偏向多中心;中国市域空间结构相对稳定,有微弱的向多中心发展的趋势;②市域空间结构的形成主要受政府干预影响,自然地理和社会经济的作用相对较弱。具体而言,地表粗糙程度、城市行政等级和政府支出占比会推动区域空间结构朝单中心方向发展;而土地面积、县/县级市内国家级开发区个数、市域内政府间竞争以及人均公路里程则使得空间结构朝均衡的多中心方向演进。
Optimizing the spatial structure of urban population distribution is one of the key strategies in China, and central government has made clear that we should adhere to the coordinated development of large, medium and small cities. At the same time, the income gap that stimulates the flow of population continues to expand, the Hukou system is becoming flexible, and the technologies in transportation, information and communication have been largely improved, which have further promoted the outward flow of the population. Hence, the focus of China’s urbanization should shift from improving the urbanization rate to optimizing spatial efficiency, and it is of great importance to understand the characteristics, evolution and the formation mechanisms of urban spatial structure. Based on the 2000 and 2010 censuses, this paper describes the features of spatial structure in Chinese prefecture-level city regions by three different indexes: Pareto exponent, HHI and Primacy index. It has found that, from the static point of view, city-regions in the southeastern side of Hu line is much more polycentric than the northwestern side ones; and from the view of dynamic process, the spatial structure is rather stable on the whole and has a weak tendency towards polycentricity. Also this paper constructs a comprehensive framework by covering the factors of physical geography, socio-economy and government intervention to systematically examine the influential factors of regional spatial structure. Traditional location theory and economic geography have confirmed the role of physical geography in economic agglomeration and urban formation, and the level of social-economic development and the government have jointly decided the development and evolution of regional spatial structure in China. Our empirical results show, the spatial structure of Chinese city-regions is mainly affected by the role of government intervention, and physical geography and social economic factors on regional spatial structure is relatively limited. Specifically, surface roughness, hierarchy level of cities and government expenditure ratio will bring the regional spatial structure into monocentricity, while administrative land area, the number of NDZs, competition between local governments, and per capita road mileage can make the spatial structure more polycentric. Our previous studies have come to the conclusion that, prefecture cities with a more monocentric spatial structure have a higher labor productivity. Combined with this, the conclusions of this paper have important implications for the future development of new urbanization in China. The finding that urban spatial structure is mainly affected by the visible hand of government might not be a good sign. Government policies are often multi-targets, and its goals, in most cases, are not for the improvement of the spatial structure, but only an additional effect. This also explains why the governmental interventions are often contradictory with each other.
在估算各省域碳强度的基础上,利用探索性空间数据分析(ESDA)和时空跃迁测度方法以及地理加权回归(GWR)模型分析了1995~2015年中国省域（不包括西藏、港、澳、台地区）能源消费碳强度的空间依赖格局及其驱动因素的空间异质性。结果显示：① 中国省域碳强度存在显著的空间正相关性,表现为先下降后上升再到小幅波动的特征,碳强度相似的省域趋向于集聚,表明中国省域碳强度具有明显的空间依赖特征;②省域碳强度存在不均衡的发展格局,高-高集聚的省域主要分布在中国西北部,低-低集聚的省域多分布于中国东南部。③碳强度空间集聚总体呈优化态势,高-高集聚的省域在减少,低-低集聚的省域在不断增多,但不同省域在碳强度的空间集聚中所起的作用不同。④ 碳强度影响因素(解释变量)的回归系数均为正值,4个解释变量对碳强度的影响程度依次为：能源强度>能源结构>产业结构>人均GDP;且各因素对碳强度的影响在不同省域具有明显的空间异质性。
The carbon emissions intensities of China’s thirty provinces caused by energy consumption were calculated according to the reference approach provided by IPCC. Exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA), space-time transition measurement method and geographically weighted regression (GWR) model were employed to analyze the spatial dependence of provincial carbon emissions intensity and spatial heterogeneity of its driving factors from 1995 to 2015. The results were shown as follows: 1) There was a significant positive spatial correlation in carbon emissions intensity among provinces. Global spatial autocorrelation decreased first and then increased and last fluctuated slightly. The provinces with similar carbon intensity tended to be agglomerate, indicating that provincial carbon intensity had an obvious spatial dependence characteristics. 2) An uneven development pattern of carbon emission intensity existed in China's provinces. The provinces with H-H agglomeration were mainly distributed in the northwest of China, while the ones with L-L agglomeration mainly distributed in the southeast of China. 3) The spatial agglomeration of carbon intensity presented an overall trend of optimization, the provinces with H-H agglomeration decreased, while ones with L-L agglomeration increased. However, different provinces played different roles in the spatial agglomeration of carbon intensity. 4) The driving factors of carbon emissions intensity had obvious spatial heterogeneity among China’s provinces, and there was a positive correlation between the 4 explanatory variables and carbon intensity. The influence degree of 4 explanatory variables on carbon intensity was as follows: energy intensity>energy structure>industrial structure>per capita GDP. Different policies of carbon intensity reduction should be formulated according to the actual situation of each province. Therefore, in order to achieve regional differences in carbon emission reduction, it is necessary to take full account of the actual situation of carbon intensity in each province and the spatial differences of carbon intensity affected by different factors.
以宁波市为例,基于港口物流企业空间数据,运用冷热点分析和泊松回归等方法,研究宁波市港口物流企业空间分布特征及影响因素。结果发现：① 宁波市港口物流企业呈现向心集聚性,圈层分布格局明显。中心商务区和临港工业区是集聚热点区域;②港口物流企业集聚特征明显但整体集聚程度下降,表现出在中心商务区和临港工业区持续集聚和沿主干道路向外围区域蔓延扩散两大趋势;③不同类型港口物流企业的区位选择有明显差异：货代型物流企业主要分布在中心商务区,仓储型物流企业主要临港分布,运输型企业选择临近沿交通干道布局,综合型物流企业的分布没有明显的区位倾向;④ 政策因素、土地价格、城乡差异、临近港口、经济潜力和工业结构都不同程度地影响港口物流企业的空间分布,而交通便利没有表现出相关性。
With the rapid development of the modern logistics industry dominated by the port logistics in China's coastal cities, researches on the characteristics of spatial distribution and laws of evolution of the port logistics companies inside cities are beginning to appear. However, the existing research has not further studied the factors affecting the location selection of the port logistics companies. In this article, based on the data of location information of Ningbo port logistics companies, the characteristics of spatial distribution and factors that affect the location selection of the port logistics companies are analyzed. The differences of the locational characteristics between the different types of port logistics companies are identified. It enriches the case studies of the locational analysis of the port logistics companies in the coastal cities. Taking Ningbo as an example, this article employed the Kernel Density Estimation, Getis-ord Gi analysis and Poisson regression models to analyze data, and the results showed that: 1) The port logistics companies in Ningbo show centripetal concentration, and the spatial distribution of enterprises presents a tendency to decrease from the central city, the periphery to the suburbs, and the distribution pattern of the circle is obvious. Central business district and port industrial area are the popular areas for port logistics enterprises to gather. 2) At present, port logistics enterprises have obvious agglomeration characteristics, but the overall agglomeration degree is decreasing. At the same time, there are two trends, which are centralization and diffusion of central business district and port industrial area. 3) It is found that there are obvious differences in location choice of different types of port logistics companies: a) The freight forwarder logistics companies are mainly distributed in the central business area; b) The logistics business companies of warehouse are mainly distributed in port; c) The transportation logistics companies often choose the layout along the main road, because they mainly undertake land container transportation, the locational selection has traffic dependency; d) Compared with the other three types, the distribution of integrated logistics companies has no obvious locational tendencies. 4) Regarding the factors affecting the spatial distribution of Ningbo port logistics companies, the research shows that the policy factors, the price of land, the differences between urban and rural areas, the distance from the port, the economic potential of the region and its industrial structure all affect the spatial distribution of port logistics enterprises in varying degrees. However, there is no correlation with traffic convenience, and the main reason is that the road network construction in Ningbo is relatively perfect. At the same time, the article put forward the corresponding measures from three different aspects: first, strengthening top-level design in logistics industry; second, exploiting the regional advantages to form a park that integrates port logistics and port industry advantages;third, optimizing the infrastructure such as the traffic network deeply.
基于10 946条工商企业数据对1999~2013年长三角5个主要空港经济区产业结构与空间分异展开实证分析,结论如下：① 长三角主要空港经济区的临空产业体系已经初步形成,与非临空产业相比,集聚优势不明显,临空产业占比基本稳定在25%以下,强指向行业有待进一步发育,空港开发还处于总量扩张阶段;② 各类产业的集聚空间各异,临空企业和非临空企业从圈层区分度较低,分别朝向心、离心布局演进,目前长三角空港经济区的临空企业仅在3 min车程范围内具备优势,向外则以非临空企业为主;③ 各类产业外推速度各异,受服务业选址落户自由灵活、临空区位指向等影响,服务业、无临空产业向外扩张明显,而制造业、临空产业布局空间较稳定;④ 空间分异度取决于全区发育水平,长三角较为成熟的空港经济区的制造业、服务业、临空产业等各类产业之间均已经形成圈层分化,而处于成长或者起步阶段的空港经济区产业混杂布局特征较明显。临空指向、空港区位和园区可建设空间等也是重要的空间分异影响要素。
Based on the business data between 1999-2013, this paper analyzed the industrial adjustment and spatial differentiation of the main airport economic zones in the Yangtze River Delta, Conclusions are as follows: 1) With the development of airport economic zones, both hub-orientation industry and none hub-orientation industry have a rapid growth, but percentage of the hub-orientation industry are lower than 25%, the airport economic zones in Yangtze River Delta is still at the stage of quantity expanding. 2) The concentration space of industries are different, with the development of airport economic zones, the hub-orientation industry had radial clusters while the none hub-orientation industry had the centrifugal layout.Now the hub-orientation industry in the Yangtze River Delta only has the concentration advantage in the three minutes time circle. 3) Different industries had different expanding speed, influenced by the flexible location and specificity of none hub-orientation, service industry and none hub-orientation industry expanded rapidly, while the manufacture industry and the hub-orientation industry’s concentration space is stable. 4) The comprehensive development level of airport economic zones determines whether the circles’ differentiation is clear or not. A deeper industrial analysis shows that it is easier for relatively mature airport economic zone to form a industrial distribution pattern ,while in the immature airport economic zone, industry with different hub-orientation has mixed layout.With the exception of maturity level, the hub-orientation, airport’s location and the construction land space of airport economic zones also have strong influence on the spatial differentiation in the airport economic zone.
以长株潭地区23个县市区为研究区域,分别从农产品供给功能、就业和社会保障功能、生态保育功能、文化传承和休闲功能构建评价指标体系,综合运用熵值法、多指标综合评价法和农业功能变化的时空差异诊断模型等方法对长株潭地区1998~2014年农业功能的时空动态变化特征进行研究,根据各地区功能特征提出农业功能发展调控策略。研究结果表明：① 长株潭地区农产品供给功能有大幅提升,其重心有向外进一步扩散趋势;长株潭地区核心区域劳动力就业与社会保障功能下降幅度较大;大围山、罗霄山脉等山地丘陵区生态保育功能优势进一步凸显;文化传承和休闲功能部分区域获得进一步发展,但空间变化差异较小。② 研究发现不同区域农业主导功能不同,根据各地区农业功能不同优势特征,结合自身特色因地制宜发展优势农业并提出相应的优化调控对策,从而为长株潭地区农业多功能发展与功能特征的识别及确定提供理论依据。
Agriculture, rural areas and farmers have always been the fundamental issues concerning the national economy and people’s livelihood. China’s heavy investment in urban areas for a long time aimed solely at economic development at the expense of agriculture, thereby lead to a huge gap between urban and rural areas. In order to bridge the gap between urban and rural areas in China, development of the countryside is the priority. Therefore, taking agriculture as the starting point and driving force for rural development can promote rural economic development and sustainable agricultural development. At present the structure and type of rural agricultural functions have gradually begun to upgrade, evolving from the traditional, single function to multi-functional. Therefore domestic and foreign scholars have gradually increased their research on multi-functions in agriculture, mainly focusing on the evaluation and division. But, there is lack of research on the spatio-temporal dynamics, in particular, on the regulatory pathways for the evolution of agricultural functions. Based on the data from land use detailed surveys in the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomerations from 1998 to 2014, the study analyzed the spatio-temporal dynamics of agricultural function by agricultural regional multi-function index and regional agricultural function spatio-temporal differences identifying model. And it covers four aspects: the agricultural products supplying function, the labor employment and social security function, the ecological conservation function, and the cultural heritage and recreational function. The results showed that the agricultural products supplying function was enhanced and its core has the tendency to spread. The labor employment and social security function weakened to a large extent. The ecological conservation function in hilly area also enhanced. The cultural heritage and recreational function gained prominence in the urban areas.The study found that different regions have different dominant functions of agriculture, based on the characteristics and advantages of agricultural functions in different regions. Combining with the characteristics,we should develop superior agriculture functions suitable for local conditions and put forward corresponding optimization and control measures, thus providing a theoretical basis for identification and determination of multi-functional agriculture development and functional characteristics in Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomerations.
水贫困与农业现代化问题是影响国家安全与经济发展的两大重要问题,研究二者的耦合关系有助于促进中国资源环境与经济可持续发展。以中国30个省（市、自治区）为研究单元（不含西藏和港澳台）,建立农村水贫困和农业现代化水平评价指标体系,采用耦合协调度模型,评估农村水贫困与农业现代化的耦合协调性,并利用空间自相关方法分析2005~2014年农村水贫困、农业现代化及二者耦合协调关系的时空变化。研究结果表明：① 2005~2014年中国农村水贫困程度降低14.68%,西部降幅高于东、中部,且农村水贫困程度一直保持“中-西-东”递减态势;② 农业现代化水平提高5.50%,西部地区增幅高达26.88%,但始终保持着“东-中-西”阶梯式递减态势;③ 农村水贫困与农业现代化水平协调度的区域差异趋于减小,基尼系数降低31.62%,但协调度一直保持着“东-中-西”阶梯式递减趋势;④ 农村水贫困与农业现代化水平协调度的冷点区呈收缩态势,热点区呈扩张态势。最后,提出了降低农村水贫困、提高农业现代化水平及二者协调性的建议。
Water Poverty and Agricultural Modernization are two important issues that affects Chinese security and economic development. Studying the coupling relationship between them contributes to promoting the sustainable development of resources environment and economy. The paper selected 30 provincial areas of China including autonomous regions as the research unit. Firstly, the water poverty and agricultural modernization’s evaluation index system was set up, the poverty model and the agricultural modernization index were used to calculate the poverty value and agricultural modernization value of each province, and the time series map was established respectively. Then, the spatial distribution of the two was carried out by ArcGIS. Finally, using the coupling coordination model and the coupled coordination Gini coefficient analyze rural water poverty and agricultural modernization coupling coordination and regional differences, as well as using spatial antocorrelation to analyze the spatio-temporal relationship of rural water poverty, agricultural modernization and coupling coordination from 2005 to 2014. The results are obtained as follows: ① The degree of rural water poverty in China decreases by 14.68%.The reason for the decline is mainly the implementation of the 10th Five-year Plan. The central water conservancy work attached great importance to solving the water problem in an important position and made a series of major arrangements and water conservancy investments to maintain a high level. But the degree of water poverty fluctuated in that period due to natural disasters of some areas such as rare historical rainfall, typhoons and droughts. The decreasing amplitude in eastern and western China is smaller than that in central China, maintaining the decreasing tendency of “central-west-east”. The degree of rural water poverty in China was positive spatial autocorrelation within a decade. ② Agricultural modernization level slowly increases by 5.5%. The eastern provinces of the agricultural modernization level are kept above the national average, while the central and western regions are kept below the national average. Although the western China increases by 26.88%, the degree of rural water poverty continues the decreasing trend of “east-central-west”.③ The coordination degree of rural water poverty and agricultural modernization are fluctuating, indicating that the corresponding spatial scale keeps the rising trend. In recent years, the increase of coordination degree is 8.03 %.The regional differences of coordination degree between water poverty and agricultural modernization level tend to decline and the Gini index increases by 31.62%. The index in the western region is much higher than eastern region, but the coordination degree has maintained the increasing tendency of “east-central-west”. ④ The “cold-spot” areas of the coordination degree between water poverty and agricultural modernization level shows the contraction tendency while “hot-spot” areas shows the expansion tendency. Finally, this paper makes suggestions how to reduce the rural water poverty, improve the level of agricultural modernization and coordinate them.
利用贸易结合度指数分析中尼双方相互贸易依赖程度,总结中国对尼贸易与投资特征;在回顾尼日利亚奥贡广东自贸区的发展历程基础上,利用EG指数分析园区产业聚集程度,得出了园区多数产业集聚度较高,并符合尼日利亚鼓励先锋行业要求的结果;通过对结果的分析与讨论,总结目前园区在产业、基础设施、东道国政治经济环境等方面面临的挑战;最后从政府与企业两方面提出园区产业优化与发展的建议。
The article uses the index of trade combination degree to analyze the dependence of China and Nigeria on each other, and summarize the characteristics of China's investment and trade with Nigeria. Then, by reviewing the progress of development of Nigeria Ogun Guangdong Free Trade Zone, analyzing the Free Trade Zone aggregation degree by using the EG index, the results show that most industries have high agglomeration degree, and conform to the requirements of Nigeria to encourage pioneer industry. The third, through the analysis and discussion of the results, the article sums up the challenges faced by the Zone in terms of industry, infrastructure, the host country's political and economic environment. Finally, it puts forward some suggestions on the future optimization and development of the park from the government and the enterprise.
可达性是连接土地利用与交通建设的关键环节,对城市扩展具有指向性。利用Auto-Logistic回归的CLUE-S模型,预测区域发展与交通规划两种情景下2020年广佛都市区的城市扩展,分析了1982~2020年交通可达性格局演变与城市扩展特征,并在此基础上揭示二者的耦合关系。结果表明：CLUE-S模型在城市扩展上具有较好的预测能力,且加入可达性因子有助于提高模拟精度;1982~2020年广佛都市区空间和时间可达性格局由双核心圈层结构演变为单核心圈层结构,且时间可达性格局有明显的交通主干道指向性;城市扩展强度与扩展差异逐渐拉大,预测2020年扩展区域集中在白云与花都交界处、天河黄埔一带、顺德部分乡镇;都市区由无序扩张转变为交通指向性,随着可被开发的土地的减少,交通指向性的影响减弱;初期的城市用地规模越大,交通可达性提高越显著,但随着交通基础设施先行建设的开展,城市规模对交通可达性的正向影响减弱。未来侧重于完善站点的公共配套设施和提高土地利用效率等方面。
Accessibility is a key indicator connecting urban expansion and traffic infrastructure construction, which could reveal the potential development of metropolitan areas. The Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small regional extent (CLUE-S) and Auto-Logistic regression models were used to simulate urban expansion of the Guangzhou-Foshan metropolitan area in two scenarios, the regional development scenario and transportation planning scenario. Based on the evolution pattern of transportation accessibility and characteristics of urban expansion, the interaction between transportation accessibility and urban expansion was revealed. The results from the modified CLUE-S model showed better goodness of fit by adding accessibility indicators. The evolution patterns of the shortest space and time accessibility are all changing from a dual-core structure (1982) to a single-core structure—located within the Guangzhou City center during 1995-2020, especially the spatial pattern of the shortest time accessibility which is closely related to the main roads. Indexes of urban expansion intensity and expansion differentiation are increasing year by year. The city centers in the study area have almost been developed, with varying degrees of extension to Huadu, Panyu, Zengcheng, and other surroundings. Accessibility has an increasing negative impact on urban expansion. However, with traffic accessibility improved, the variation of accessibility has a declining positive effect on urban expansion; and the impact of urban expansion on variations of traffic accessibility is shifting from negative to positive effects. In the future, more attention should be given to improving land use efficiency and completing public service facilities around traffic stations.
由“散居”到“集居”,安置社区面临社会关系重建的巨大压力。基于公共空间活力内涵,采用AHP-模糊综合评价法,构建了城市安置社区公共空间活力评价模型,以苏州市6个安置社区为例,对3种安置模式的社区公共空间活力特征进行定量评价和比较。发现：① 不同安置模式的社区公共空间活力存在明显差异。尽管异地安置社区的公共空间的设施完备、类型多样,但是其公共空间的社会活力度最低。对于公共空间活力提升,社区公共空间背后的社会属性比其物质属性更为重要。②公共空间因子活力度与关注度存在不匹配现象。基于“社会-空间”辩证互动逻辑,提出安置社区公共空间活力营造策略： 对于今后安置社区,适宜“村内小集居+跨村大聚居”的安置模式,通过最大程度维系原有“熟人社区”群体的社会边界,提升公共空间活力,减轻社区社会关系重建的压力;对于现有安置社区,可根据公共空间因子活力度和关注度的匹配关系,划分公共空间改造的优先级,采用差别化的改造策略,提升公共空间活力及其改造资金的使用效率。
The previous rural neighborhood is disintegrated from “diaspora” to “assembly”, making the resettlement community facing to enormous reconstruction pressure in social relation. Based on the connotation of public space vitality and by the AHP-fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, the author constructed the model evaluating the community public space vitality of urban resettlement communities, conducted quantitative evaluation and comparison for the features of community public space vitality of the three resettlement modes by taking the 6 resettlement communities of Suzhou as examples and found: 1) There were obvious difference in the public space vitality of communities in different resettlement modes. Though the public space of nonlocal resettlement communities was consummated in facilities anddiversiform in types, the social vitality of the public space was the lowest of which the fundamental cause was that: most of the nonlocal resettlement communities were the assembled residential communities crossing villages and houses were distributed in lottery random mode, thus making the fragmentation degree of the social relation of nonlocal resettlement communities the highest. Such phenomenon meant that the social attribute behind the community public space was more important that its physical attribute for the improvement of public space vitality. 2) There was mismatch between the public space factors’ vitality degree and attention degree. Based on the match status between the public space factors’ vitality degree and attention degree, the author divided that public space to four categories—“high attention-low vitality”, “high attention-high vitality”, “low attention-high vitality” and “low attention-low vitality”. Based on the dialectical interactive logic of “the society-the space”, the author proposed the strategies creating the public space vitality of resettlement communities: 1) As for the future resettlement communities suiting the resettlement mode-“small assemblies inside villages plus large assemblies crossing villages”, we may minimize the fragmentation degree of community social relation in the process from “diaspora” to “assembly” by maintaining the population boundary of the previous “villages community” acquaintance society to the maximum extent in order to improve the public space vitality and abate the reconstruction pressure of community social relation. 2) As for the existing resettlement communities, we may divide the priority level of public space transformation based on the matching relation of public space factors’ vitality degree and attention degree, adopt differentiated transformation strategies to improve the public space vitality and the utilization efficiency of the transformation funds.
基于传统村落农户乡村旅游适应性分析框架构建适应性评价指标体系,以湘西州6个传统村落327户农户为研究对象,通过参与式农村评估法获取数据,运用主成分分析等方法分析传统村落农户乡村旅游适应类型、程度和影响因素。结果表明： 农户适应类型可划分为全面适应型、认知缺失型、生态主导型、政策缺失型、文化主导型和发展滞后型6种,各类型特点不一; 农户总体适应程度从高到低依次为全面适应型、文化主导型、认知缺失型、政策缺失型、生态主导型和发展滞后型,全面适应型为比较适应,其他均为一般适应; 每种适应类型在6类因子适应程度上表现有内部差异,除全面适应型外,其他适应类型在社会、文化、经济三类因子的适应程度上普遍较低; 政策、社会、生态、经济和心理5类因子中有13个影响因素对农户乡村旅游适应性有影响,影响程度不一。最后,从农户、社区和政府3个层面提出传统村落农户乡村旅游适应性提升建议。
Based on the analytical framework of the adaptability of farmers toward rural tourism in traditional villages, this study constructs an adaptive evaluation index system, and takes 327 households of 6 traditional villages in Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province, as samples. Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) method is used to obtain data, and principal component analysis and cluster analysis are applied to analyzing the adaptability types, degree and influencing factors of farmer’s adaptability towards rural tourism in traditional villages. The results showed that: 1) The types of farmers' adaptability can be divided into 6 types: comprehensive adaptation, the cognition deficit, the ecological dominance, the policy deficit, the cultural dominant, and the lagging development, of which different types of characteristics are different. 2) The overall adaptability degree of comprehensive adaptation is relatively adaptive, and those of the other 5 farmers' adaptation are generally adaptive, but on the whole, the traditional village farmers in Xiangxi are adapting to the development of rural tourism. 3) Each adaptation type shows internal differences in the adaptability of the 6 factors that are policy, economy, culture, ecology, society and psychology, and other adaptation types in social, cultural and economic adaptability of the three factors are generally low except the farmers of comprehensive adaptation type. 4) The 13 impact factors of policy, social, ecological, economic and psychology factors, have obvious influences on the adaptability of farmers toward rural tourism, and the degree of influence are different. Finally, from the three aspects of farmers, communities and government, this article puts forward countermeasures and suggestions to improve the rural tourism adaptability of traditional village farmers.
基于三阶段DEA模型测算2004~2015年辽宁省14市的碳排放效率,将碳排放效率分解成技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率,并将3种效率作为碳排放系统的评价指标,继而构建区域碳排放-经济发展-环境保护（3E系统）耦合协调评价体系。结果显示：辽宁省三大系统耦合协调度处于较低水平,空间上呈“递进式”进步规律,表现为沈阳、大连领先;鞍山、抚顺、丹东、锦州、营口、辽阳、盘锦、阜新、铁岭、葫芦岛处于中等水平;本溪、朝阳最低的空间分布规律。最后通过灰色GM(1.1)预测模型得到2016~2020年辽宁省3E系统耦合协调度有所提升。研究发现,将碳排放效率作为碳排放系统的评价指标适用于三元系统耦合协调研究,结果与辽宁省实际情况相符。
With the carbon emissions rapid increased, the conflict developed among carbon emissions, economic development, and environmental protection. Liaoning Province is a typical province with high energy consumption, economic burden and environmental pollution. Therefore, the research has become a new breakthrough, which in alleviating the contradiction between the social economy and the environment. In this atricle, based on the three stage DEA model, we can calculate carbon emissions efficiency which is divided into technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency, and scale efficiency of 14 cities in Liaoning Province from 2004 to 2015. Then three coupling model was established to analyze the relationship among the carbon emissions, economic development, and environmental protection (3E system）. Meanwhile, GM(1.1) forecast model was also used to analyze the 3E system coupling in Liaoning province from 2016 to 2020, but the results are not optimistic. Based on the forecast results, it is necessary for Liaoning Province to take corresponding measures to solve these problems. The results show that the 3E system coupling in Liaoning Province is still at a low level. Of all the cities in Liaoning Province, Shenyang and Dalian have been leading all the time. In other twelve cities, Anshan, Fushun, Dandong, Jinzhou, Yingkou, Liaoyang, Panjin, Fuxin, Tieling, Huludao show moderate levels; while Benxi, Chaoyang have the lowest level. The coupling degree of 3E system has been promoted during these twelve years. However, the level of 3E system coupling is still low, which has a big margin for improvement. According to the conclusion, taking carbon emissions efficiency as the evaluation index of carbon emissions system is suitable, and the results are coincide with actual situation in Liaoning Province. In order to improve the coupling degree of 3E system and reduce regional differences, we believe that all the regions should unify their own actual development situation, compare superiority and make science formulation development policy. Overall, every city should take appropriate measures to promote region carbon emissions, economic development, and environmental protection.
全新世大暖期结束后的干冷气候事件和环境恶化使西辽河流域及比邻地区的聚落向南移动集中并推动了原始农业的发展和之后畜牧业对原始农业的取代。各文化的聚落均对河流依赖性较强,主要分布在距河6 km以内地区,6 km以外的聚落多分布在与河流地势上相连的沟谷缓坡且主要集中在老哈河、教来河至大凌河流域,水文分析表明这些沟谷很可能在暖湿期形成过支流或季节河。聚落主要分布在海拔400~700 m的平原丘陵交互区,分布海拔和地形因气候波动和经济生活方式不同而有所变化。
This study analyses the spatial distribution characteristics of settlement sites, distributing in the West Liaohe River Basin and the neighboring Dalinghe River Basin, as well as the Luanhe River Basin between 9.5-2.3 ka B.P.. The settlement sites belong to a sequence of prehistoric culture, including Xiaohexi, Xinglongwa, Zhaobaogou, Fuhe, Hongshan, Xiaoheyan, Lower Xiajiadian and Upper Xiajiadian cultures. Based on the basic information of settlement sites, collected from the results of the national systematic archaeological field surveys, spatial distribution map of sites was drawn with GIS. Minimum distances from sites to rivers and altitudes were extracted with corresponding Box-whisker charts to present their statistical characteristics visually. Three main conclusions are concluded and deduced. Firstly, temperature, precipitation and vegetation changes caused by climate change influenced prehistoric culture development and subsistence strategies extensively. The drier and colder environmental condition since 6.0 ka B.P. promoted the development of primitive agriculture. The number of sites reached peak in Lower Xiajiadian culture which developed in a relatively warm and humid period. Temperature and precipitation dropped violently around 3.0 ka B.P., resulting that primitive agriculture was replaced by pasture. Secondly, prehistoric settlements depended largely on rivers, especially during dry and cold period. About 50% sites have the minimum site-river distances that are less than 6 km. Sites with the minimum distances of more than 6 km mainly distributed along gullies spreading to or from main rivers, especially in the area enclosed by the Laohahe River, the Jiaolaihe River and the Dalinghe River. Hydrological analysis and fieldwork prove: it is likely that these gullies were branches of rivers or seasonal rivers when it was warm and humid. Thirdly, settlements mainly distributed on the transition area (400-700 m) of plains and hills, which abounded in animal and plant resources. Settlements moved to lower altitude when it was colder and drier. Pasture, which was more resilient to hostile environment, made it possible for more Upper Xiajiadian settlements to distribute along rivers in higher mountainous areas.
从清代后期西北地区的历史文献中整理出1876~1878年气候信息和农业信息,即少雨或干旱等事件、蝗虫事件、歉收和饥荒事件。资料来源包括清代中央和新疆地方的档案,新疆、甘肃和宁夏的地方志,重要人物的文集等。结果显示1876~1878年西北地区中西部出现干旱及相关事件。将以上事件绘制成图,发现这些事件分布在甘肃、宁夏和新疆东部,最西可达新疆天山北麓中部。整体上,事件以1877年为范围最广、最为严重。在此次干旱事件中,西北地区中西部的经济社会受到的影响有限,只在部分县域出现粮食歉收和饥荒,未发生同期华北地区普遍存在的“奇荒”。
There were many exceptional climate events all over the world in 1876-1878. Existing researches showed a huge controversy that the drought event in Northwest China based on different proxy data, such as historical documents and tree ring. To understand the spatial distribution of the drought event, this article collected the information of the climate and agriculture of the 1876-1878 from the historical documents in the Midwest Region of Northwest China in the late 19th century. The climatic information includes the event of the less precipitation and the event of the drought, and the agricultural information includes the event of the locust and the event of the poor harvest as well as famine. The historical documents are the central archives of the Qing dynasty and the local archives of the Xinjiang, and the local gazetteer of the Gansu, Ningxia and Xinjiang, and the collected works of the important person. Those events from historical documents were showed in the map. The result showed that event of less precipitation, drought, and locust appeared in the Midwest Region of Northwest China in 1876-1878. The historical documents suggested the spatial distribution of drought event and other related event in Gansu, Ningxia and eastern Xinjiang, and the most western distribution area was the middle of northern foot of Tianshan Mountains. And the most serious year of events was 1877. The drought events had less influence on the agriculture in the all area, and didn't lead to great famine in the Midwest Region of Northwest like North China.
对海河流域源区的丰、枯水期降水、地下水、河水进行取样测试,分析了海河源区不同水体氢氧稳定同位素组成及水化学的时空分布特征,同时运用同位素二元混合模型对典型采样点地表水地下水间的相互作用进行了定量分析。结果表明：① 丰水期地下水及地表水δD和δ18O及总溶解性固体(TDS）表现出显著的空间差异性,而枯水期只有地下水的同位素组成及水化学特性表现出空间差异。②研究区的地下水水化学类型以Ca-HCO3·SO4、Ca-HCO3型为主,丰水期河水与地下水化学类型较为相似,枯水期地下水化学类型与同时期的河水及大气降水的水化学类型存在显著的差异,说明枯水期地表水与地下水之间的转化关系不明显。Gibbs分析结果表明,控制海河源区水体化学性质的主要影响为岩石风化作用。③枯水期地下水受其他水体影响较弱,而丰水期河水及大气降水对地下水具有显著的补给作用,3个源流区中西源的地表河水对地下水影响最显著。
The surface water and groundwater are very important for the farmland irrigation, industrial production and living water. Normally, there is transformation relationship between the surface water and groundwater. The mechanism of transformation relationship between surface water and shallow groundwater is a key factor role for the regional water cycle and the formation and management of water recourse. The Haihe River is an important river of the northern China. The water crisis caused by over exploitation for the groundwater has become the most important limiting factor for the development of the regional economy. This research based on the δ18O, δD and chemical data of different water samples of two sampling events were collected from the southern upstream of the Haihe River Basin (headstream of the Zhanghe River). We analyzed the hydrochemical and isotopic characteristic of groundwater and surface water during the two seasons by using the methods of study statistics, spatial interpolation analysis, Gibbs and Piper third-line graphs. Based on the two element mixed isotope hydrology separate model, we quantitative analysis the transformation relationship between groundwater and surface water for some sampling sites. The results shown that: 1) δ18O, δD and TDS of groundwater and surface river water samples of the headstream of Zhanghe River during wet season have significant variation. However, in the dry season, only the δ18O, δD and TDS of groundwater show the significant variation. 2) Whether wet season or dry season, the mainly water type are the Ca-HCO3·SO4 and the Ca-HCO3 for the shallow groundwater in the headstream of the Zhanghe River of upstream of the Haihe River Basin. The river water chemical type has significant season variation. The water type of river water were Ca-HCO3 changed to Na-Cl type during wet season, in wet season, due to the stronger evaporation, the river water chemical type were Ca.Na-Cl type. In wet season, the water type of river water and groundwater are similar and further indicate the conversion between the surface water and groundwater. There is obviously different between the water chemical type for precipitation, river water and groundwater during the dry season of headstream of the Zhanghe River. The results of Gibbs analysis shown, the groundwater and river water were controlled by the interaction between rock and water. 3) In dry season, the groundwater and river water have not significant interaction, however, the groundwater and river water shown strong transformation during wet season. About 10.95%-82.90% groundwater discharge from river water and the mean about 48.72%. Western headstream of the Haihe River shown larger interaction between groundwater and river water. The knowledge of these can promote effective management of water resources, and add new trace element data to the world water geochemistry.
从土壤有机碳含量和活性组分出发,分析了湿地土壤碳库组分对盐度变化的响应特征。同时分析了土壤有机碳3种稳定机制,评述了土壤碳稳定性与盐分中主要离子的博弈。并在基于研究滨海湿地碳固定与稳定的基础上,提出了土壤碳稳定与营养元素循环的相互作用机制研究、土壤碳稳定与微生物及酶学机制的关系研究、借助稳定同位素技术多要素多过程耦合研究等科学问题展望。以期为了解未来中国海平面上升背景下湿地碳截获潜力的可能演变趋势及其应对策略,为发展和完善中国湿地土壤碳循环理论奠定科学基础。
Soil carbon sequestration and stability in coastal wetland are of great significance in maintaining primary productivity of wetland and mitigating global warming. Current studies about soil carbon stability mainly focused on the inland ecosystems while lack on the coastal wetland. Based on the content and active fractions of soil organic carbon, the responses of soil carbon fractions to varied salinity were analyzed. Meanwhile, three stabilization mechanisms of soil organic carbon were reviewed, and the game of soil carbon stability and main ions in salt was in depth explored. Furthermore, based on the study of carbon sequestration and stabilization of coastal wetland, three scientific issues have been suggested, including the interaction mechanism of soil carbon stabilization and nutrient cycling, and the relationship between soil carbon stability and microbial and enzymatic mechanisms, as well as the coupling research of multi-factor and multi-process, in order to understand the possible evolution trend of carbon sequestration, and for strategies making aiming at sustainable carbon sequestration in coastal wetland under the rising sea level, as well as to provide sound knowledge base for the development and improvement of carbon cycling theory in wetland soil of China.
基于1960~2012年逐月降水资料,选取标准化降水指数（SPI）为干旱衡量指标,将SPI1与水稻各生长阶段（Growth Period of Rice,GPR）相结合,研究西南地区近53 a来整体和水稻（Oryza sativa）4个生长阶段的干旱时空演变特征。结果表明：整体上,西南地区历年干旱站次比均高于50%,全域性干旱特征显著。水稻不同生长阶段干旱时空分布特征差异显著。① GPR1和GPR2阶段以全域性干旱为主,GPR3和GPR4阶段则呈现局域性干旱>区域性干旱>全域性干旱的特征;② 生长阶段内干旱连续性特征明显,尤其是GPR2 阶段,易发生周期为2~6 a的全域性干旱和区域性干旱。③ 轻旱高值区呈现由东北向西南转移的趋势;中旱高发区呈现出明显的从北部向南部移动的趋势;重旱高发区各阶段空间分布差异较大。④ 水稻在GPR1和GPR2阶段主要受轻旱和中旱影响;GPR3和GPR4阶段重旱发生频率上升,影响范围增大。
Based on monthly precipitation data from 1960 to 2012, Standard Precipitation Index with 1 month time scale (SPI1) is calculated. We investigate the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of agriculture drought based SPI1 index and four growth stages of rice in the Southwest China. Results show that: 1) Overall, the drought station ratio for each year from 1960 to 2012 in the southwest is high and above 50%, presenting whole drought characteristic. 2) The temporal and spatial characteristics of agriculture drought during rice growth stage are different. ① From 1960 to 2012, GPR1 and GPR2 phases are dominated by whole drought. GPR3 and GPR4 phases show the distribution of the localized drought > regional drought >whole drought. ② The continuity drought characteristics during each growth stage of rice are evident. Especially in GPR2, it appears the whole drought and regional drought with the period of 2-6 years. ③ The area with high drought occurrence frequency for three type of drought has shown spatial shift characteristic during different growth stage. The area with high occurring probability of mild drought has transfer from northeast to southwest trend. The region with high occurring probability of moderate drought transferred from the north to the south. The region with high occurring probability of severe drought the spatial distribution of each stage is quite different. ④ In the GPR1 and GPR2 phases, rice is mainly affected by mild drought and moderate drought. In GPR3 and GPR4, severe drought occurrence frequency increases.
在宁夏长城塬完整的晚更新世-全新世黄土-古土壤剖面(长城塬剖面)进行高分辨率采样,对125个样品的粒度数据做了粒度端元分析,并对各端元组分含量在地层深度尺度上做了小波分析。结果认为：端元分析法可以把代表4种不同动力的沉积端元分离出来。端元1可能代表了西风带控制下的由高空气流搬运的远源粉尘物质;端元2可能代表了沉积物沉积后在东亚夏季风作用下的风化以及成壤改造作用;端元3可能代表了后期的淋溶作用动力特征;端元4可能代表了东亚冬季风作用下典型的风成黄土粗颗粒组分特征。根据小波分析认为各端元组分含量在不同的深度上均存在着准周期变化,指示了相对应的时间尺度上古季风变化具有准周期性的特征,同时也说明了沉积剖面一直处于较为连续沉积状态,比较完整地记载了各沉积动力过程。各端元组分在不同的时间尺度上具有不同的准周期性特征。
This article makes End Member analysis on grain-size data collected from high resolution 125 samples based on typical Late Pleistocene-Holocene Loess-Paleosol profile (CCY profile) in Changchengyuan, Ningxia Province, and do the wavelet analysis for the End Members components on the axis in depth. The research result shows that four End Members can be separated from the sediment grain sizes in CCY profile. And the EM1 may indicate dust from far source under the high-altitude airflow controlled by westerly belt. The EM2 may indicate dynamic strength of sedimentation under the influence of weathering and pedogenesis. The EM3 may represents the eluviation dynamic characteristic. The EM4 may indicates the northwest monsoons typical eolian loess under the influence of component characteristics. According to the wavelet analysis, it can be concluded that the component content of each dynamic of End Member has periodic variation at different depths, which indicates that the corresponding time scale of the paleomonsoon variation has periodic characteristics, and also indicates that the sedimentary profile has been in a continuous and uninterrupted sedimentary state, and the sedimentary dynamic processes are recorded completely. Each End Member component has different periodic characteristics on different depth (time) scales.
